How to Deal With Confrontational Students

The Bond of Communion An Analysis of the Communal Bonds...

The Bond of Communion: An Analysis of the Communal bonds throughout Dante Alighieri’s The Inferno Human beings are odd creatures, possessing abilities no other living species have. These abilities being Intelligence, Reason, and Free Will. These attributes allow human beings to value and destroy whatever they deem necessary to them. One of the most valuable things to a human being is the communal bond. This bond comes in many shapes and forms and is ultimately a form of love, and is usually a connection we share with others and with God. The communal bond works like a relationship, in which the persons involved are expected to and obey the instructions specified. This bond is a weak love, one that is easily influenced and most likely to†¦show more content†¦Dante’s use of symbolism is most evident in this passage, where light is a symbol for reason and love. The fact that the second circle is void of these two attributes amplifies that the Lustful abandon their reason and love in order to pursue and satisfy their physical body. Dante having successfully establishe d the setting moves on to establish his concept of Contrapasso. Dante describes â€Å"[the] hellish flight [of the sinners] / of storm and counter storm†¦sweep[ing] the souls of the damned before its change. / Whirling and battering†¦ / their shrieks begin anew.† (5.29-35) The punishment of the Lustful and Carnal is the inability to control their actions in Hell. They are forever controlled by the winds of Hell, this is due to their inability to control their earthly passions in life. Another punishment the Lustful face are the inability to be with their loved one, in Hell they can see and speak to their loved one but are forever denied the right to touch their lover, causing them suffering and anguish. The readers sympathize with the sinners and Dante himself pities the lustful in this circle. Dante structures his Inferno in circles, with the higher circles being composed of lesser sins and the lowest circles being the gravest sins. Dante structures the circles wis ely in order to stress the belief of the importance of community. The higher circles of Hell contain the sinners who sought unity and community,

Analysis Of The Movie The Social Network - 2111 Words

What does the good life mean to you? When I think about the good life it is rich with family and friends. My friendships have become an in importance to me as I get older. One trait of friendships that I hold above others is honor in a friendship. Honor can be defined in many different ways. Depending on your culture it plays a huge role in our perceptions of friendships. Different cultures have different viewpoints in how they define honor and the traits that accompany them. Japan has a different definition than America in terms of honor. Each culture defines honor in its own unique way. In the movie, The Social Network Mark and Eduardo each represent different forms of honor in American culture. In Great mirror of male love Korin represents the Japanese culture of honor. Sohachiro represents true Japanese honor culture by taking his own life after his lover was murdered This class has taught me alot about relationships and the importance of a true friendship with how much it can af fect your life. Honor and betrayal are two components that can make or break a friendship. Honor can be defined as to regard or treat (someone) with admiration and respect. It can also mean to give special recognition to another person. Honor and betrayal affects the development of male to male friendship. In the story of â€Å"Great mirror of male love Korin can be looked up as an honorable person. He worked as a young boy to help his mother with money since his father died. He did not lieShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Social Network 1069 Words   |  5 PagesEssay 4: The Social Network Critique The movie that we watched in class is called The Social Network. Directed by David Fincher and released in 2010, it is an informative film which attempts to shed light on the real story behind the creation and rise of Facebook, starting from the beginning and revealing all the possibly hidden or not as well known facts behind it. Though some of the movie may be â€Å"Hollywoodized† and exaggerated for a dramatic depiction, with exceptional acting and a compelling storyRead MoreDigital Piracy Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pageshowever, simplified the unauthorised duplication and storage of copyrighted content and caused movie piracy to soar substantially (Fetscherin, 2005). Digital piracy can generally occur offline (through the copying of discs and files) and online (through the downloading and sharing of files). A recent study revealed that approximately 24% of global internet traffic is copyright infringing, with peer-to-peer networks accounting for half of that amount (Envisi onal, 2011). Furthermore, internet piracy facilitatesRead MoreThe Domestic Box Office Gross Receipts Counted1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe domestic box office gross receipts counted of $9.66 billion in movie ticket sales in 2014, a 4.5% retreat from 2012 and 2013. This totals about 1.18 billion movie tickets sold. The top grossing films of the year were Guardians of the Galaxy, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, The LEGO Movie, Transformers: Age of Extinction, Maleficent, X-Men: Days of Future Past, Dawn of the Planet of the Apes, The Amazing Spider-Man 2, Godzilla, and 22 Jump Street. Regal Entertainment recent released thatRead MoreNetflix1509 Words   |  7 Pages2% of all downstream usage during primetime hours, up from  31.6% in the second half of 2013, according to reports. That means almost a third of North America was watching some TV series or movie on Netflix between 7-11pm! Business Model and Strategy Netflix is the world’s leading Internet television network with more than 48 million streaming members in more than 40 countries. Starting from a simple DVD by mail model and shifting to online video-on-demand, Netflix has been the pioneer with moreRead More A Psychoanalytic Analysis of Pretty Woman Essays1112 Words   |  5 PagesA Psychoanalytic Analysis of Pretty Woman In the introduction to his book, The Sublime Object of Ideology, Slavoj Zizek acquaints readers with his book’s tripartite aim. He plans, among other things, to illustrate concepts fundamental to Lacanian psychoanalysis – an intention which will serve to further his more ambitious goal â€Å"to reactualize Hegelian dialectics by giving it a new reading† in the light of Lacanian psychoanalysis – and â€Å"to contribute to the theory of ideology via a new readingRead MoreBlockbuster Business Analysis1092 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Table of contents 1 Introduction The rental movie market is a high competitive and dynamic market, dominated for several years by Blockbuster, with its pioneer business model of delivering convenience to the costumers looking for home entertainment. The company was a model for the industry during the 80’s, 90’s, but with the new age of online movies, the consumer behavior changed drastically, and other companies, as Netflix and Redbox, providing online content and innovativeRead MoreEssay on Special Effects: Simulation in Cinema by Temengua Trifonova1084 Words   |  5 Pageseffects distract the viewer from the supposedly most substantial aspect of the film, narrative; second, special effects present a danger to what is assumed to be the essential realism of film.†(Trifonova, n.p.) Ubiquitous depictions of gender and social roles are reamplified by visual media. Tracy E. Ore of St. Cloud University states that, â€Å"mass media operates as a key socialization mechanism.†(pg 7) Making redu ndant and repeated displays of race, gender, and class an essential part of perpetuatingRead MoreLessons Learnt On Sony Entertainment Hacking1137 Words   |  5 Pagescumulative abnormal drop in stock prices over a 2-day event window (Bharadwaj et al. 2009). On these report, I am going to investigate the cyber-attack Sony faced which shook the whole corporation industry in America. This report will give the background analysis of the Sony entertainment hack and the lessons learned by the industry from the IT failure which can be used by other cooperate industry, government, and other organizations to keep their information safely in their databases. Sony hacked the innerRead More Galactosemia Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pagespre-existing patterns of fascination already at work within the individual subject and the social formations that have moulded him (Mulvey 519). She goes on to say that those pre-existing patterns boil down to the phallocentric order that is present in society. The fascination exists because society is sexist, the media exists because of the fascination, and perpetuation occurs because fascination sells movie tickets and gets higher ratings. There are numerous intimate emotions that factor intoRead MoreSwot And Pestel Analysis Of Hulu1550 Words   |  7 PagesSWOT PESTEL SWOT Analysis STRENGTHS TV show abundance Partner with ABC, NBC, FOX ‘Criterion Collection’ – classic movies WEAKNESSES Ads Limited movie selection Limited streaming capabilities OPPORTUNITIES Better TV series content International growth Sports partnerships Mobile device industry THREATS Netflix/Amazon Cable TV Illegal streaming Strengths:  · TV show abundance – moving into their own live TV provider  · Has recently started offering subscription services

Middlesex By Jeffrey Eugenides Essay Questions - 1233 Words

Middlesex Final Test Prompt 2: In the event of Cal working for the Sixty-Niners in the book Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides, he learns to come to terms with both himself and his gender identity. An example would be how when Cal joined the Sixty-Niners, he met other hermaphrodites like Zora who taught him how to come to terms with himself and supported him throughout the process. This is shown in the quote â€Å"‘Look at you. No one would ever know.† â€Å"I want people to know, Cal.† â€Å"How come?† Zora folded her long legs under herself. With her fairy’s eyes, paisley-shaped, blue and glacial looking into mine, she said, â€Å"Because we’re what’s next.(490)’† Zora explains to Cal why she doesn’t try to hide the fact that she’s a hermaphrodite and even†¦show more content†¦Prompt 3: The central conflict of the book Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides is gender identity which is shown through Calliope’s struggle with determining and accepting her true gender as a hermaphrodite. The conflict also affects other characters as it causes grief, confusion, and leads to. Calliope’s first encounter with her gender identity crisis was when she develops feelings and sexual attraction to the Object which is stated in â€Å"Jerome knew what I was, as suddenly I did, too, for the first time clearly understood that I wasn’t a girl but something in between. I knew this from how natural it had felt to enter Rex Reese’s body, how right it felt, and I knew this from the shocked expression on Jerome’s face†(375). The experience of having intercourse with Jerome and fantasizing being in Rex’s position shows that Calliope isn’t just a female but something in between and that adds more to her suspicion and confusion of her actual gender. This also affects other characters as it leads up to Calliope having a sexual relationship with the Object which reveals the Objectà ¢â‚¬â„¢s true feelings towards Calliope and her actual sexuality. She also has another encounter with her gender identity when she discovers that she’s biologically a boy who had been raised as a girl. In the file by Dr. Luce, it describes Calliope’s condition with the description â€Å" As the girl’s gender identity was firmly established as female at that timeShow MoreRelatedLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesaround the globe.[15] The genre translates fairly directly into cinematic form, the coming-of-age film. Plot outline[edit] A Bildungsroman relates the growing up or coming of age of a sensitive person who goes in search of answers to life s questions with the expectation that these will result from gaining experience of the world. The genre evolved from folklore tales of a dunce or youngest son going out in the world to seek his fortune. Usually in the beginning of the story there is an emotional

Jesus as Messiah, Prophet and Son of Man Free Essays

Jesus, being both divine and human, is attributed the roles of Messiah, prophet and Son of Man.   The three roles are distinct from each other but the role of Messiah is the most controversial of the three because of the difference between Judaic expectation and Jesus’ interpretation of the role.   On the other hand, the roles Prophet and Son of Man are more easily acceptable by any culture or religion as they view the historical Jesus, but each is no less important. We will write a custom essay sample on Jesus as Messiah, Prophet and Son of Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Jesus’ prophetic role enables him to become a direct messenger from God, and his humanity provides empathy with human attitudes and feelings.   His humanity also emphasizes that his ability to feel pain contributes to the reality of his sacrifice during his suffering, and death by crucifixion. Jesus is the Son in the Holy Trinity and this gives him the identity of God incarnate, being both human and divine.   Though through Jesus’ omniscient messianic role, the prophetic role is already expected, there are aspects about his ministry that distinguish the role of Messiah from the role of prophet.   Moreover, while these are divine facets of Jesus, his identity as the Son of Man, or being truly human, is equally important because it gives more importance to his sacrifices, especially his death by crucifixion.   Meanwhile, Jesus complies with the general description of the prophesied Judaic Messiah (Croatto, 2005, p. 464), having been born as a descendant of David, but the Jews   are expecting more in terms of a Messiah who will save his people from physical bondage. Jesus is recognized more as the Messiah rather than a prophet, because it is through being the Messiah that he is able to save while as a prophet he merely foretells what is to come, like many other prophets.   However, Jesus’ role as Messiah has become the most controversial of his facets.   The Jewish people are more ready to accept Jesus as a fully human prophet than being the actual Messiah because of the different expectations attached by the Jews to the role of Messiah: â€Å"All the prophets affirmed that the Messiah will redeem Israel, save them, gather their dispersed, and confirm the commandments. But he caused Israel to be destroyed by the sword, their remnant to be dispersed and humiliated† (Wolf, 2001, p. 370).   In their great suffering, the Jews have longed for a Savior that will fight physically in order to save them, like a much more powerful version of human kings.   Jesus, on the other hand, has come to die for people’s sins, to save the soul instead of the body. His messianic role also involves healing.   â€Å"Jesus’ miraculous deeds in Matthew, therefore, are replete with eschatological significance and point to Jesus’ messianic identity† (Cousland, 2003, p. 770); people have waited for a Messiah who can heal.   There are many instances in the bible which refers to Jesus’ healing of physical afflictions along with spiritual ones. He has raised people from the dead, has cured life-threatening diseases and has released demons from the bodies of those afflicted both spiritually and physically.   He therefore, has demonstrated apt evidence that support his messianic identity.   Nevertheless, in a time of conflict and doubt, this is not apparent to people who have hungered for someone who can liberate them and have waited for so long for the fulfillment of a prophesied warrior who will bring about justice and peace.   As a result, Jesus has been tagged as a â€Å"Messianic pretender† (Wolf, 2001, p. 370). Jesus’ role of Prophet is prevalent in the Gospel of Luke.   Though overshadowed by his Messianic role, it is a more tangible role that is also supported by prophecy, particularly in Deuteronomy.   Jesus is described as the â€Å"new Moses† and a â€Å"Teacher† (Croatto, 2005, p. 454).   It is also important to know that Jesus has described himself as prophet in Luke 13:33, and is a healer-preacher like the prophet Elijah.   As a prophet, the historical Jesus is compared to past prophets like Moses and Elijah. â€Å"The prophet Jesus is the paradigm for the Christian prophetic mission. To see Christ, the Messiah, as heavenly king and monarch is not very suitable today, because of so many sad experiences of many monarchies in our world† (Croatto, 2005, p. 465).  Ã‚   This means that during these times, the image of Jesus as prophet is more important.   It can become a practical framework for modern prophets or missionaries intent in spreading the word of God.   In today’s world, monarchs and other political leaders are regarded with some trepidation or criticism.   The Jews of Jesus’ time may be longing for a Messiah who will rule as a king but today’s people will want to hear a preacher or to go to a healer.   Croatto’s statement can also mean that Jesus’ interpretation of his role of Messiah through his work as prophet and healer is a good manifestation of messianic identity. As has been mentioned earlier, Jesus’ role of Son of Man, or being truly human, adds to the magnitude of his works.   It is curious then to know the implications if Jesus’ come to the world of his people as a purely divine Messiah without a true understanding of the human condition, instead of becoming God turned Man.   In becoming the Son of Man, he fully empathizes with his people but it also means that he is not the warrior king that everyone has been expecting from a divine Messiah.   Furthermore, Jesus has become truly human to become a good example to his people of what it is to be truly human.   â€Å"The essence of divinity is fully realized humanity.   Therefore, only God is truly human, and the task set before human beings are to become human as God is human†¦Jesus serves as our model of true humanity† (Burkett, May 2002, p. 43). Jesus is Messiah, Prophet and Son of Man, human and divine, and these aspects of his role in the world is emphasized by his preaching and healing.   Though Jesus is not the Savior that the Jewish people have expected, his Messianic role and prophetic mission are supported by the Scriptures.   His Messianic role is manifested in his healing, his prophetic mission through his teachings and his humanity through a direct understanding of the human condition. References:   Ã‚  BIBLIOGRAPHY   \l 1033   Burkett, D. (May 2002). Our Man Jesus. Christian Century , 43-46. Cousland, J. (2003). Book Review: Messiah, the Healer of the Sick: A Study of Jesus as the Son David in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the Gospel of Matthew. Journal of Biblical Literature , 768-771. Croatto, J. S. (2005). Jesus, Prophet like Elijah, and Prophet Teacher like Moses in Luke – Acts. 451-465. Wolf, A. J. (2001). Jesus and the Jews. 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The Scientific Method for Falsifiable Testing - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theThe Scientific Method for Falsifiable Testing Procedures. Answer: Introduction The scientific method is the name given to a series of procedures for obtaining new knowledge or updating existing knowledge about the varied phenomena which typically involves empirical and measurable or verifiable source of observation. The father of scientific methodology is said by some to be the Arab polymath Ibn al-Haytham who first argued the importance of questioning phenomena and validating them through formally testing them. The principal steps involved in the scientific method are:(i)detailed observation of events or phenomena, (ii) asking relevant questions about the cause and/or effect of the phenomena, (iii) formulating testable hypotheses based on the observations (iv) develop testable predictions based on the hypotheses framed (v) testing the validity of the predictions using empirical and falsifiable testing procedures (vi) formulating effective theories, if the tests in the previous step are positive/ reformulate hypiotheses and predictions and retest those. Thus, w e see that scientific method is more of a cyclic and continuous process over time.(Science Made Simple. 2016). The scientific method, at least since the time of Galileo, has produced innumerable advancements in human knowledge and thinking, the fruits of which we are enjoying at the present moment. In this project, though, we look and critique at the scientific method with reference to the statistical perspective in a typical experimental setup, taking a published journal article for our reference. T-Test, Anova And Regression Analysis The three most prominent statistical terms that are being used in practice in statistical analyses, and are being critically examined with respect to their application in this report are: the t-test, analysis of variance(ANOVA) and regression analysis. It is important to know the details of these three terms before we try to critique the journal article. In a sense, all the three terms can be included under the broad category of regression analysis, which is used to compare the statistical difference between two or more different samples or variables.(Paret, M., 2016) , (Lomax, R. G. 2007)Typically, the analysis is used to find out the relationship(s) between one dependent and one or more independent variables in a population. In regression analysis, the dependent variable is assumed to be a function of the independent variables with respect to certain parameters, the number of which depends of the type of regression we use, like linear or non-linear or multilinear. In mathematical t erminology, we can say that regression analysis hinges on two things: (i)Correlation, or the problem of finding the form of the function where where is the dependent variable and are dependent variables, being the parameters which is usually determined in linear and general linear cases by a factor known as correlation coefficent which is a ratio of product of covariances(deviation from means) to the product of standard deviations In this step, an additional terminology used is the error in prediction, denoted by which is minimized by a method commonly known as method of least squares. (ii) The testing of statistical significance of the above estimated function by calculating the conditional probability of the model being false and comparing the obtained value with that of a known standard probability distribution. Two additional terminologies used in this step are the null and alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the assumption that the dependency of the dependent variable on the independent variable is not real but accidental and the alternative hypothesis is that the dependency is actual. In this context, the two most widely used probability distributions are the t-distribution and F-distribution. When the t-distribution is used, the statistical test is said to be a t-test, and when the F-distribution is used, the test is said to be an F-test. The analysis of variance(ANOVA) is determining the interdependence and statistical difference between a set of more than two variables using an F-test applied to the ratio of variance between the group of interdependent variables and variance within of group of variables. Note that the statistical tests like t-test and F-test are not limited only to regression analysis, rather can also be performed on sample statistics which are assumed to follow the Students-t or Snedecor-F distribution.(NLREG., 2017), (Montgomery, D. C. 2012) In addition, for the analysis that we will use in this article, we also need some terminology from the sampling theory. The most common sampling methods used in experiments are: simple random sampling, stratified random sampling and multistage random sampling. In simple random sampling, each and every unit in the population is equally likely to be a part of the sample chosen. In stratified random sampling, the population is stratified, or classified beforehand into strata or classes based on certain parameters and then, the sample is constructed by simple random sampling from amongst the strata. In multistage random sampling, the sample is chosen in multiple steps. This type of sampling is quite useful in cases where location based sampling is essential. In this type of sampling the population is first divided into regions from which the first simple random sampling is done. The second stage consists of simple random sampling from dividing the hitherto divided regions into further sm aller regions, and so on. Thus, in this type of sampling, we are more localising the population to be sampled.(Yale University ., 2017) the article chosen for critical analysis The article that is chosen for this critical report is Pandey, M., Singh, J., Mangal, G., Yadav, P.,(2014),Evaluation of awareness regarding orthodontic procedures among a group of preadolescents in a cross-sectional study, Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry,4(1),44-47. The article is an open access article, available on PubMed Central with PMCID:PMC4015160. In the article, statistical analysis is done regarding the awareness and know-how of orthodontic and other dental procedures among a group of preadolescents from rural and urban areas in Bilaspur district, Chattisgarh State, India. The objective of the paper says that the study was conducted as there was a high prevalence of malocclusion, which is a dental anomaly characterized by large abnormalities in the tooth position. The method employed by the authors of the paper was a cross-sectional study of about 1010 subjects(students) with average age somewhere around 13.02 years with standard devia tion of 2.1 years using a questionnaire consisting of questions pertaining know how of orthodontical procedures. The questionnaire was validated by using a pilot study consisting of nine items. Finally, to test the statistical significance, t-test and ANAOVA were conducteed at a significance level of 0.05. The broad results of the study were that students aged 14 years were more aware than other students, that girl students were significantly more aware of the orthodontic procedures and that students from urban background were similarly more aware than their rural counterparts. The Experimental Design Used In The Article The method of design of the study used by the authors requires some mention. The Methods section of the article says that first, an epidemological survey was taken in the Bilaspur district during the period between September and December, 2013; and then later a multistage random sampling was done to select six schools consisting of three in urban and three in rural areas in the same district. We see that preliminary epidemological survey, done in this case is quite important, as it helps to determine the local variations amongst the population effectively. Sampling before assessing the local properties of the population may lead to enormous difficulties in proper data sampling and may even lead to biased sample. The next thing we note is the use of multistage random sampling to select the six schools. Note that this is a very crucial part of the reseearch. If simple random sampling or, stratified random sampling would have been made, there could have been drastic changes in the resul t. We note that the method adopted by the authors is well suited to the purpose, as the population that is used to study is a very large one, and simple random sampling could be representative of a very small part of population. Stratified sampling, though better than simple random sampling in this case, gives the problem of stratification of the population, which is another complex issue having various parameters. Thus, the via media solution is to employ multistage random sampling that effectively tries to capture the population of Bilaspur district. We also note that a dual stratification has also been done by the authors by including equal samples from urban and rural areas. This is because, the urban students, having good access to modern information, may be well equipped with orthodontic procedures, whereas, those with a rural background may not be as aware as their urban counterparts. Thus, to ensure evenness, equal samples were selected from both the urban and rural areas. W e also note that pilot study was conducted to validate the questionnaire beforehand. Pilot study is a small scale reliability test of the sample to evaluate the feasibility, time, cost, adverse events, and statistical variability of the sample. This is quite essential, because, in spite of the precautions taken while choosing the sample, like multistage sampling and stratification into urban and rural parts, it may so happen that the sample is thoroughly biased, for example, it may so happen that a particular school chosen may be the only one where the students are exceptionally educated as regards dental procedures due to the fact of there being a qualified dentist and better infrastructural facility in the school and hence report to the questionnaire more faithfully and correctly in comparison with other schools, where the students may just randomly guess the answer to questionnaires based on their whims and fancies. To ensure fairness, a pilot study is essential before embarking to the full detailed questionnaire. The article states that the intra-examiner reliability factor, =0.87. We note that there is a good intra-examiner reliability, as the cohens kappa is close to 1.(Sapiens 2010). Now, the authors state that after the pilot study was performed amongst the chosen samples, the main sample was chosen excluding those undergoing orthodontic treatments. This latter step is added to ensure unbiasedness, as those students would be naturally more aware of orthodontic procedures. Statistical Analysis Used In The Article The article states that after the questionnaire was successfully answered by the volunteer students, the statistical analysis of the scored data was done using SPSS 16.0 software. The details that were recorded were descriptive statistics including mean percentage scores, standard deviations, frequency scores, students t-test and ANOVA to test the statistical significance of means, and finally multiple linear regression. Here, we note the authors are using a complete approach to statistically analysing the data. The descriptive statistics are as much important to analyse the data as much as the quantitative tests used. The descriptive statistics proivide us a qualitative description of the data, which is quite useful to understand a priori as to which statistical test to apply to investigate the data more thoroughly. Now, we see the results obtained. We see that amongst the 1010 students selected for the study, 556 were boys and 454 were girls, 606 were from urban areas and 404 from rural areas and the ages varied from 12 to 15 years. We observe that here the dependent variable is the nominal binary awareness of the orthodontic procedure, whereas the independent variables are age, location(urban/rural) and gender. From Table1 in the article, we can also find out that the number of 12 year olds is 254, 13 year olds 200, 14 year olds 252 and 15 year olds 304. Thus, we see that there are roughly equal proportion of students in each of subcategories of each of the independent variables. Thus, the sample chosen is well suited to the variables chosen. The study also revelead that the overall awareness of orthodontic procedures among the students is about 45.1%. The mean scores of awareness of orthodontic procedures amongst girls(4.46) with a standard deviation of 1.71 was found to be significantly higher than that of boys (4.00) with standard deviation of 1.489 using t-test. We need to understand here that the awareness as a whole gave a rough account of know how of the orthodontic procedures among the students, whereas the mean scores calculated on the basis of grouping the sample gives us a better command over the distinction of the same over the various sub-categories of the sample. In addition, the t-test also gives us conclusive evidence that the mean scores are significantly different and not due to pure chance alone, which is seen from Table 2 in the article, where p-value is seen to be 0. Though theoretically p-value cannot be equal to 0, but the zero value is indicative of a very low value in the SPSS software. What this implies in the context of t-test is that the probability of the difference of means of the two subcategories in the sample(boys and girls in case of Table 2) being zero assuming the null hypothesis that they are equal is close to zero. We need to note that the level of significance of the test, or the threshold value of the value of Students-t distribution chosen before the study began was 0.05. But, the observed value of probability is found to be close to 0, which is indicative that the original assumption of the null hypothesis that the means of the genders are equal is false and needs to be rejected. This simple test shows the power of statistical logic, which is not to be obtained in a casual prima facie study. Similarly, the t-test applied to subcategories according to location gave significant difference amongst the mean scores in urban(4.43 with standard deviation 1.606) and rural locations(4.00 with a standard deviation 1.578), with a p-value close to zero or exactly zero in the SPSS software. The next observation in the results section we need to consider is the ANOVA table. Here, in addition to the p-value, we have additional column showing the F-value. What the F-value actually shows is the ratio of between the group variances(the age groups in Table 1) and within the group variances(variance of awareness in a single age group). We see that if the null hypothesis that the mean of the groups according to ages are equal, which is assumed, were true, then the between the group variances would be dominated by or equal to the within the group variances, thus giving us an F-value of close to 1 or less than 1. But, that this is not the case is shown by the high value of F-value in all the four subcategories of age parameter, being well above 1 in all the four cases(seen to be 57.61, 81.48, 69.21, 51.81 respectively for 12, 13, 14 and 15 year olds). This, combined with the p-values being close to zero, proves the significance of the difference in the mean scores of the different age groups between different, with the observed mean score of 5.20 with a standard deviation of 0.747 for 14 year olds to be the highest . The last analysis we take up is the regression analysis between the three different variables of age, location and gender. We note that the t-test is a subset of F-test(ANOVA) in the two dimensional case, or in other words, when we compare only two variables or subgroups within a sample, the F-test is nothing but the t-test as, the Snedecor-F distribution with 1 degree of freedom is the Students-t distribution. Again, the ANAOVA is nothing but the regression analysis of the variances. Thus, in ANOVA and t-tests done, the authors compared the subcategories in the independent variables of Age(12 to 15 year olds), Gender(Boys and Girls) and Location(Urban and Rural), in the final regression analysis they are comparing the mean scores in the three main categories of variables themselves. Thus, ANOAVA and t-tests were a regression analysis done on the subcategories within the independent variables. In the regression analysis, we find that age, gender and location, in that order of preference affect the dependent variable of awareness of orthodontic procedures. This is ensured by comparing the value, which is nothing but the multiple correlation coefficient computed by taking into account the individual correlation coefficients involving the individual independent variables with the dependent variable as in a correlation matrix. The scores obtained keeping only age constant is less than that obtained keeping both age and gender constant which is less than that obtained keeping all the three constant. The F-values being significantly greater than 1, and p-values being close to zero, gives us the validity of the differential effect of the three independent variables on the dependent variable. Conclusion And Summary We see that the authors of the journal article have made a thorough statistical analysis of the awraeness of orthodontic procedures amongst the student in an attempt to better understand the prevalence of malocclusion. The way the sample was chosen, the way the validation was conducted, the statistical analyses conducted and the results and conclusions drawn, were, from a statistical and analytical perspective, quite appreciable. But, as in statistics, there are bound to errors in the study. The first error might have crept in from the choice of schools and the volunteers that participated. In spite of wisdom in sampling and conducting the pilot study, there might have been biases in the selection of schools due to political, or, similar reasons, like better infrastructure in schools and enthusiasm in students. It might be the case that within the group variances in the ANOVA and regression analyses be very small and insignificant as compared to the between group variances just becau se of the reason that the volunteers were of a homogenous nature, thus giving ahigh F-value, in spite of there being no significant difference in the means. Again, this has to do with sample selection. We think that it might have improved the statistical analysis if two way ANOVA be done to improve the test and an ANOCOVA(Analysis of Covariance) be performed. (Kass, R. E . 1 February 2011). Overall, the study made by authors can be a suitable model which could be implemented in statistical studies. References Pandey, M., Singh, J., Mangal, G., Yadav, P.,(2014),Evaluation of awareness regarding orthodontic procedures among a group of preadolescents in a cross-sectional study, Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry,4(1),44-47. Kass, R. E (1 February 2011). "Statistical inference: The big picture". Statistical Science. Institute of Mathematical Statistics. 26 (1): 19. Montgomery, D. C.(2012). Design and analysis of experiments (8th Ed.). John Wiley Sons. Science Made Simple(2016),The Scientific Method,[ONLINE] Available at https://www.sciencemadesimple.com/scientific_method.html [Accessed 16/10/2017] Frost, J. (2016), Understanding Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the F-test,[ONLINE] .Avilable at https://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/understanding-analysis-of-variance-anova-and-the-f-test[Accessed 16/10/2017] NLREG. (2017), Understanding the Results of an Analysis,[ONLINE] Available at https://www.nlreg.com/results.htm [Acccessed 16/10/2017] Sapiens(2010).Action without change? On the use and usefulness of pilot experiments in environmental management [ONLINE] Available at https://sapiens.revues.org/979 [Accessed 16/10/2017] Paret, M., (2016), Regression versus ANOVA: Which Tool to Use When, [ONLINE] Available at https://blog.minitab.com/blog/michelle-paret/regression-versus-anova%3A-which-tool-to-use-when [Accessed 16/10/2017] Lomax, R. G. (2007). Statistical Concepts: A Second Course. p.10. McLugh, M.L. (2012), Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic, Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2012 Oct; 22(3): 276282. Yale University (2017), Sampling, [ONLINE] Available at https://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/sample.htm [Accessed 16/10/2017]

Life Span Development Normal Puberty

Question: Describe about the Life Span Development for Normal Puberty. Answer: Introduction Adolescence starts with the onset of physiologically normal puberty and generally ends at the time when an adult recognize and behaviors are accepted. This period of development corresponds roughly to the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years that is consistent with the definition of adolescence of World Health Organization (Selemon, 2013). This is one of the interesting parts of the human lives and thus to carry on the entire research work, this specific time has been selected. Sara Marlin, a 14 years old girl has been selected, as some behavioral issues have been observed in her case. For gaining proper information regarding her issues, both interview and observation would take place for long 4 weeks. It is obvious that during adolescence, the teens most of the time struggle with their body changes, mood swings as well as social issues and these all together leave impact on their behavior. Therefore, it is suggested that the youngsters are required to learn how to navigate the adolescent years, how to foster healthy conversations with their adolescent regarding peer pressure, body self-image, rape, drug/alcohol abuse and many more (Farb Matjasko, 2012). Questionnaire With whom you stay at home? How close are you with your father? With whom you feel comfortable enough to hang out? How often do you hand out with your friends? What are your future plans? How would you achieve this? How do you spend your leisure time? How have you state your targets for the coming years in your life? Do you believe in pre-marital sex? How often do you interact with your father? What are your viewpoints regarding married life? Do you prefer to stay alone in your home? Based on the above mentioned questionnaire, the entire analysis would be made. Physical development It can be stated that the pre-teen see lots of changes- physical, emotional, cognitive and social. During this time, the bodies and emotions of children change a lot and recognize changes in different ways at different times. In case of girls, the physical changes around puberty takes into account breast development, changes in body shapes and height, growth of pubic and body hair as well as the start of menstruation. Apart from that, it can be stated that the brain growth tends to continue into the early 20s and the development of the frontal lobe particularly is significant during this stage. Crockett and Crouter (2014) have stated that due to the rates of physical development vary largely among the teenagers; puberty can be a source of pride or embarrassment. Apart from that, it is necessary to mention that during adolescence, children develop the ability to understand abstract ideas, establish as well as maintain satisfying relationships, move towards a more mature sense of thems elves and at the same time questions old values and beliefs without losing their identity. In this particular case, it has been found that Sara Marlin during her adolescence has not met ant physical challenges, but she had some other issues (Hetherington, Reiss Plomin, 2013). Cognitive development Chadwick, Miller and Hurd (2015) have stated that cognitive development means the growth of childs ability to think and reason and Sara Marlin has been affected due to cognitive development. Sara has seen her divorced father from childhood and this has forced her to think abstractly. Apart from that, it can be stated that in adolescence, changes in brain directly interact with experience, knowledge and social demands and produce rapid cognitive expansion. From the research work of Jean Piaget has demonstrated adolescence as the stage of life in which the thoughts of an individual start taking more of an abstract form and egocentric thoughts decrease. His theory hypothesizes that cognitive improvement of adolescents are relatively sudden as well as drastic (Kunnen, 2012). Moral development As youths cognitive, emotional and social development continues to mature, their understanding of morality expands and their behavior becomes more closely aligned with their values and beliefs. Therefore, moral development demonstrates the evolution of these guiding principles and is demonstrated by the ability to apply these guidelines in the daily life. Being frustrated enough in her daily life, Sara likes hanging out with the friends and she has developed addiction towards drug consumption. Although she has been warned by her father, she continues to stick to her own point of view regardless of the opinion of her lover ones. Therefore, it is understood that Sara has faced challenges in case of her moral development and this is one of the features of adolescence (Arnett, 2014). In order to explain in detail this phase, it is necessary to discuss Kohlbergs theory and from this it can be found that at the pre-conventional level, children generally do not have a personal code of morality. In that phase, their moral code is shaped by the standards of adults and Sara has seen a degraded moral situation at her home. In the post conventional morality, individual judgment is based on self selected principles and here Sara has become stubborn enough. As per the Kohlbergs theory, only 10% to 15% of people achieve post-conventional morality (Hill et al., 2012). Psychosocial development Eriksons stages of psychosocial development are one of the important theories that are required to discuss here, as this justifies the situation carefully. It can be seen that teenagers would be experiencing an identity crisis during this time, they are unsure of themselves, unsure of their future and Sara has been one of the prominent examples of this dilemma. Apart from that, it can be stated that this is also a time when the teenagers seek for independence as well as autonomy. Apart from that, they want to make their own decisions and use their own morality scale. Meschke, Peter and Bartholomae (2012) have opined that friendships and intimacy are important to adolescents and this often becomes their priority and in this time, peers have a great influence on the behaviors and attitudes. Sara has been largely influenced by her group of friends and they matter everything to her. Issues faced by adolescents Vrieze, McGue and Iacono (2012) have stated that teenagers most of the times experiment with a variety of actions as well as substances. Unfortunately, this experimentation can lead to substance abuse and addiction and Sara in this case has developed a habit of drug consumption. It can be stated that there are several symptoms of drug abuse, but some of the most common signs that the teens are abusing drugs are: Issues at school like excessive tardiness, poor grades, suspension and some more Mood swings Loss of interest in favorite actions (Hill et al., 2012) Drug paraphernalia Withdrawal Depression Poor hygiene Missing memory Carefulness of parents (Vrieze, McGue Iacono, 2012) Improper life style of the parents and many more From the above discussion, it can be found out that Sara has been suffering from bad habits of consuming drugs and it is believed that due to negligence of her father, she has grown such habit. Apart from that, from the interview with the Sara, it can be derived that Sara might be interested enough in premarital sex, as she has different viewpoint regarding marriage (Hill et al., 2012). Conclusion After going through different parts, it can be found out that the adolescents might face several issues like mental health issues like mood disorders, anxiety disorders, thought disease, psychological disorders and some more. Sara has been interview and observed for this research work and it has been found that she is going through adolescence and has grown a habit of drug addiction. Since her childhood, she saw her father who used to consumed alcohol and this has affected her childhood badly and thus in her adolescence, she has faced numerous issues. References Arnett, J. J. (2014).Adolescence and emerging adulthood. Pearson Education Limited. Chadwick, B., Miller, M. L., Hurd, Y. L. (2015). Cannabis use during adolescent development: susceptibility to psychiatric illness.Clearing the smokescreen: The current evidence on cannabis use, 32. Crockett, L. J., Crouter, A. C. (2014).Pathways through adolescence: Individual development in relation to social contexts. Psychology Press. Farb, A. F., Matjasko, J. L. (2012). Recent advances in research on school-based extracurricular activities and adolescent development.Developmental Review,32(1), 1-48. Hetherington, E. M., Reiss, D., Plomin, R. (Eds.). (2013).Separate social worlds of siblings: The impact of nonshared environment on development. Routledge. Hill, R. A., Wu, Y. W. C., Kwek, P., Buuse, M. V. D. (2012). Modulatory Effects of Sex Steroid Hormones on Brain?Derived Neurotrophic Factor?Tyrosine Kinase B Expression during Adolescent Development in C57Bl/6 Mice.Journal of neuroendocrinology,24(5), 774-788. Kunnen, S. E. (Ed.). (2012).A dynamic systems approach to adolescent development. Psychology Press. Meschke, L. L., Peter, C. R., Bartholomae, S. (2012, February). Developmentally appropriate practice to promote healthy adolescent development: Integrating research and practice. InChild Youth Care Forum(Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 89-108). Springer US. Selemon, L. D. (2013). A role for synaptic plasticity in the adolescent development of executive function.Translational psychiatry,3(3), e238. Vrieze, S. I., McGue, M., Iacono, W. G. (2012). The interplay of genes and adolescent development in substance use disorders: leveraging findings from GWAS meta-analyses to test developmental hypotheses about nicotine consumption.Human genetics,131(6), 791-801.