Phonemic Awareness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phonemic Awareness - Essay Example d on the NRP report and also details the relationship between the various components of the balanced reading program and the above mentioned entities. A phoneme is the smallest part of a spoken language which has the ability to change the meaning of a word. Phonemic awareness (PA) is the skill to hear, recognize and control the phonemes (Armbruster, Lehr and Osborne, 2003, p.3). Studies have demonstrated that PA can be taught to the children through many methods of instruction such as phoneme isolation (recognition of individual sounds in a word), identity (recognizing same sounds in different words), categorization (recognizing an odd word from a set of three or four words), blending (combining various phonemes into a single word), segmentation (breaking a word into smaller sounds) and deletion (to recognize a word after a phoneme is deleted) (National Reading Panel, 2000, p.2-2). However, children who were taught three or more types of the above mentioned phonemic instructions did not gain much in terms of PA. Many reasons can be cited for the same. The children get confused by the multiple types of phonemic instruction and the teachers are not in a position to concentrate on a single type of instruction completely. They rush through the methods of instruction and sometimes end up teaching tougher methods before the children are aware of easier types of instructions. However, if only one or two methods of instruction were used it was found to be highly effective in gaining PA (Armbruster, Lehr and Osborne, 2003, p.7). It has also been proved that children with PA found it easier to read and spell words as PA helps children understand and pronounce the different phonemes which constitute a word. Also PA helps the children relate sounds with the alphabet (Armbruster, Lehr and Osborne, 2003, pp.6-7). This is the reason why PA is found to be very effective when alphabets are used during the process of phoneme manipulation. English language is represented as words

Short Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short Report - Assignment Example HPV can be classified into high or low risk depending on the likelihood of the infection causing cancer. Low risks once in a blue moon lead to cancer while on the other hand, high risk has the possibility to cause cancer but it’s not automatic for it to lead to cancer. Skin warts: these are commonly known as plantar or flat warts. The major cause of these warts is the low risk type infections. Genital warts: this is caused by type 6 and 11. This is a low risk type. Cervical dysplasia: this is a term used to refer to the scratching of abnormal cells caused by the HPV in the women’s’ cervix. Cervical cancer: HPV 16 and 18 are the major causes of this disease. HPV does go into the body through which in turn it infects the cells in the layers of the skin. Later on due to cell division, they undergo mutation leading to multiplication of the virus infections in the body. One can stay for a very a long time before realizing that he or she is infected with the HPV due to the time duration it takes from infection stage to the time when the wounds appear. HPV is transmitted through skin-to- skin contact. For example, HPV that causes skin warts can be transmitted through a body cut. However, the risk of transmission is low. It is important to note that individuals who walk barefooted in public places such market places, or gym are likely to be infected by the different types of HPV that cause plantar warts. HPV infection that causes genital warts is most infectious and is transmitted through sexual activity by a person not infected with an infected person. During their acts such as kissing or being in touch with the skin of the infected person on the infected areas such scrotum, vagina, vulva or anus and having sexual intercourse can lead to contracting the disease (Oregon Immunization Program 2008). At times most infections go unnoticed due to lack of symptoms through which they can be identified with. In this regard, the disease can remain in