Lifespan development of a lower class Indian Essay

Life expectancy improvement of a lower class Indian - Essay Example I pledged him that I won't utilize his name or personality in my report. He was glad to chat with me for a scholastic examination. The man, I met is a multi year old Indian. His place is in Kerala, the Southern tip of India. He is hitched with one kid. He is a science graduate and working in a private firm in one f the urban communities in Kerala. He talked tenderly and temperately. His sound was smooth however manly. His dressing design is very noteworthy. The most noticeable fascination was the focal point of his perceptions and remarks. He addressed me about his life expectancy improvement ceaselessly. He was a few times forceful and a few times baffled. The man was conceived in a rancher family in close by country region. His dad was worker. He did his training in a grade school in his local town and afterward moved to the close by town for advanced education. So he accepted that he has blend of provincial and urban culture. During our cooperation he conversed with me about history, legislative issues, social developments, financial circumstance and arranging of his town, state and the nation. He was very certain that these things had an immediate bearing on his trim. So he enlightened me regarding the political arranging of his local spot. Kerala was a profoundly rank based zone in India. There were upper standings and lower stations. Unapproachability was overwhelming in that society for a considerable length of time. Other than during the British provincial time frame, this zone was under standard of Great Britain. The Travancore Kingdom was the neighborhood leaders of his territory. There are additionally other imperial gatherings. During King's time, individuals here had incredible fixation on Royal family. At the point when British came, nearby King gave up his capacity to them. He was had a place with a lower rank called Ezhavas. They were considered as touchables by the high society and prevented from securing instructive, political and social rights. His dad and mom were horticultural specialists. At the point when India got freedom, Travancore ruler chose to keep up his Kingdom as an independent nation. Yet, it was that time; the Communist development got an extensive help around there. Socialist gathering had part of impact among the horticultural laborers and lower class individuals. His dad and mom were likewise become piece of the development. There was a solid resistance to Travancore sovereign and hundred of individuals shot dead by the King's police. Be that as it may, by then Indian Government coercively consolidated Travancore into Indian Union. After certain years Kerala was made as a territory of India. At that point socialist development had become a solid power in the zone. In the resulting political race to the state get together, socialist gathering was chosen for rule the state. I t was the primary fairly chose socialist government on the planet. The man, I am meeting was normally destined to a socialist family back ground and profoundly impacted by it. In his youth itself, he was associated with numerous battles composed by socialist gatherings. As an individual from Ezhava family, the man was additionally affected by a profound pioneer, Sree Narayana Guru(Teacher). This pioneer was considered as the profound dad of Ezhava people group. His thoughts were universe. Despite the fact that he was considered as a Sanyasi (one who surrendered physical belongings), he was likewise revolutionist, who discussed industry, communism and change of brain. He had requested that his supporters fortify life through instruction and success through industry. This two schools of contemplations (socialism and

Personal Environmental Statement and Action Plan free essay sample

The dynamic connection between people, Earth and all else inside has consistently enamored me. I was conceived in 1973 in Jamaica, my folks were politically dynamic, I was taken as a youngster to energizes generally about testing socio-political shameful acts and neediness, in the roads of London, Kingston and New York and can review the first run through hearing such wording as, ‘limits to growth’, ‘the contamination pandemic’, ‘alternative energy’, ‘consumerism,’ and ‘overpopulation’. Just a lot later did a ringer go off, associating the two apparently separate idea structures, coming full circle in the acknowledgment that these ills, regardless of whether social or natural is very much the same. The Protocols of Montreal, Kyoto and all the more likewise energized me with a drive to make reasonable living progressively available, yet all inclusive increasingly acknowledged. Further investigation of a related degree is the main path forward for me. A craving to supplement the wide range of Environmental Studies has discreetly lead me into the intriguing complexities of Biology. Here my recently discovered logical aptitudes are being sharpened by controlled trials, driving toward factual examination and discussing moral issues. The idea of considering issues of such overpowering significance despite everything fills me with amazement. Natural Studies keep on offering substance to the issues that are constantly huge to me, for example, biofuels, soil science, permaculture and strategy. I am intense about contamination and waste administration rehearses/arrangements now for our Island, dirtied spillover is the best danger to Hawai'i’s surface and ground water quality. Contaminated spillover, or nonpoint source contamination, results when tempest water or water system water washes poisons off the landâ€from ranches, urban zones and development sitesâ€into our streams and waterfront waters. At the point when it downpours, water splashes into the ground where plant roots and soil microorganisms can ingest or breakdown numerous poisons. During substantial downpours, water that doesn't invade the dirt runs off into storm channels, streams, waterways then in the long run into the sea. As the overflow washes over the ground, it conveys pollutantsâ€dirt (dregs), supplements (from composts), microscopic organisms (from creature squander), oil, rubbish and yard wasteâ€away with it. Streets, structures and parking garages keep water from dousing into the ground. This builds the volume and speed of water spillover, expands disintegration and washes poisons through tempest channels into streams and the sea. We’re putting a huge number of huge amounts of plastic and other trash into the ocean, executing marine life. Over 80% of marine contamination originates from land-based exercises. From plastic sacks to pesticides †the greater part of the waste we produce ashore in the end arrives at the seas, either through purposeful dumping or from run-off through channels and streams. This incorporates: oil, manures, strong trash, sewage harmful, and synthetic concoctions. The Hawaii State Department Of Health, Clean Water Branch has a Polluted Runoff Control program whose goals are the executives measures for Hawaii’s Coastal Non-point source. (2009) The Environmental Protection Agency has given an award of $1. 1 million to help moderate issue of Land Based Pollution, (U. S Environmental Protection Agency, 2013). Algal Biofuels, promisingâ€and has a lot a bigger number of advantages than customary energizes and different kinds of biofuels. Getting our fuel from algal sources: decreases the prerequisite for high-impact treatment of wastewater, lessens the land necessities for water treatment offices when space is restricted, brings about a Net-positive vitality gain as far as decrease of vitality load, delivers a biomass source (microalgae) that has phenomenal properties as a feedstock for vitality creating pathways, diminishes the measure of anaerobic solids that are discarded in landfills lastly, lessens ozone harming substance emanations. Researchers at the Division of Biological Sciences at the University of California San Diego contends, â€Å"Biofuel can be delivered from different sources, yet yield gauges are altogether higher for green growth than for some other harvest. This has impressive ramifications for land-region necessities: green growth developed on just 30 million hectares and yielding biofuel at a preservationist gauge of 40,000 liters for every hectare every year is adequate to supplant the 1,200 billion liters of oil utilized by the world’s biggest shopper of oil, the United States† (Ryan Mayfield, 2012). (Ryan Mayfield, 2012, p. 330) Bioremediation †the use of organic procedures to address ecological issues †is among the advances being touted to treat debased soils and water sources, and to process squanders. There are huge preferences to utilizing bioremediation over different methodologies. Most bioremediation procedures can be acted in-situ, which decreases cost and interruption to activities, rearranges coordinations, and limits risk. Not at all like numerous conventional techniques that depend exclusively on removal or control, bioremediation for the most part expects to break down poisons, and subsequently speaks to a changeless procedure, limiting long haul obligation. Soil Science manages soils as a natural asset. It incorporates soil portrayal, grouping, and mapping, and the physical, synthetic, hydrologic, mineralogical, organic, and microbiological investigation of soil. Bioremediation Use of spread yields, green fertilizers, manures, manure teas, streak carbonized charcoal, and natural waste items to quantifiably improve plant and soil wellbeing determination of solid harvest assortments plantâ€microbe symbioses (e. g. , organic nitrogen obsession, mycorrhizae) and coordinated vermin the executives The act of soil science implies any help or work, the sufficient exhibition of which requires instruction in the physical, concoction, and natural sciences, just as soil science; preparing and involvement with the use of extraordinary information on these sciences to the utilization and the executives of soil by acknowledged standards and strategies; and examination, assessment, and meeting; and in which to execution whenever identified with the open government assistance by protecting like, wellbeing, property and the earth. Practice of soil science incorporates, however isn't constrained to examining and assessing the connections between water, soil minerals, plants and other living creatures that are utilized to get ready soil scientists’ reports for; subsurface ground ingestion frameworks, including penetration exhibitions; land use of residuals, for example, muck, septage, and different squanders; splash water system of wastewater; soil remediation at regular rates; land use of farming items; handling deposits, bioremediation, and volatilization; soil erodibility and sedimentation; and distinguishing proof of hydric soil and redoximorphic highlights. Comprehensively, English Literature was an undeniable decision; the requirement for creative communicators is crucial to catalyze comprehension and solidarity. Broad paper composing joined with an investigation of perspectives and reason has assisted with advancing shape me into a receptive, inventive, and drawing in author. Section Two Sustainable Practices I have been occupied with manageability since the start of my experience as an understudy at Maui College. I have utilized the mindfulness I’ve picked up finding out about maintainability by taking an interest in different undertakings and entry level positions, for example, the Maui Smart Grid Project, initiated by the Hawaii Institute for Natural assets and the Department of Energy by will give me a one of a kind chance to apply my examinations to a genuine circumstance and, fundamentally, help sew the seed of ecological protection to sightseers and our nearby and indigenous network. Offsetting this with my different undertakings, for example, the Vice Presidency of our understudy natural and social still, small voice club; The Student Ohana for Sustainability, permaculture workshops and the new planting plot I have as of late bought access to, acquired from the campus’s network cultivating program, these undertakings has demonstrated testing, however I have kept up my devotion to all with energy. For the future, my vision is to utilize my degree to impart the direness to follow up on what we are ceaselessly finding out about the Earth, before the consequences of our activities become cataclysmic. I comprehend that societies reserve an option to create to increase equivalent measures of sanitation and financial solidness; chipping in the Salvation Army soup kitchens has given me individuals who are frantically languishing. However it is basic that worldwide ways of life progress in a manner that advances amicability all through the natural and social domains, without trading off future needs. Withdrawing ice sheets, dry season, infection: extremely numerous disasters demonstrate we have an obligation to pay to our mind boggling planet, an obligation to develop society around maintainable lifestyles. We people have not generally perceived the significance of, and our duty in, protecting nature. Indeed, we didnt consistently perceive that the businesses that we construct and the manners by which we utilize our assets can be harming to nature, or, in this manner, that harming the earth can straightforwardly influence our wellbeing and our prosperity. Logical and open consciousness of the significant harmony among people and nature has expanded gradually since the start of the modern age. Our comprehension of how contamination influences our condition and us has improved from the beginning of time in light of work done by concerned researchers and residents. Through their perceptions and examinations, these people have added to our energy about contamination impacts. Through their open activity, these individuals have impelled changes parents in law and general sentiment. Crafted by these people has made a huge and helpful change in the manner we exist

International Corporate Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Universal Corporate Finance - Essay Example A similar investigation of the upsides and downsides of working together in both of the nations has additionally been given, alongside proposals available that the Flying Wombat should target. An index is available for simple reference and a list of sources is additionally present toward the finish of the report. NOTE: In request to completely get a handle on the idea of the paper the scientist felt it imperative to incorporate the profiles of the nations being talked about. In any case, to forestall written falsification express that the profile of China has been taken (in its full structure) from the National Geographic site. The source has been given toward the end. China is the world's most crowded nation with about 1.3 billion individuals. China's topography is profoundly various, with slopes, fields, and waterway deltas in the east and deserts, high levels, and mountains in the west. Atmosphere is similarly fluctuated. China has the world's longest consistent progress; for over 40 centuries its kin made a culture with solid methods of reasoning, conventions, and qualities. China stays a prevalently country society, with just 39 percent living in urban territories. The primary portion of the twentieth century saw the fall of the last Chinese sovereign, Japanese intrusion, World War II, and common war between Chinese Communist and Nationalist powers. The People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1976 forced state control on the economy. Since 1979, China has transformed its economy and permitted rivalry, and today has the world's most elevated pace of development. China has seven of the world's ten most contaminated urban communities. The biggest maker and buyer of coal, the nation is getting some distance from coal toward clean hydroelectric assets. Politically it despite everything keeps up severe command over its kin. Chinese guideline over Tibet stays dubious, battling with Muslim separatists in Xinjiang proceeds, and policy centered issues with Taiwan stay uncertain. China recovered Hong Kong from Britain in 1997 and Macau from Portugal in 1999. In 2003 China turned out to be just the third country (after Russia and the U.S.) to dispatch a ke pt an eye on space flight, with plans to arrive at the moon constantly 2010 (The China Country Profile has been taken from the National Geographic site, (http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/places/nations/country_china.html). Political Risks in China Van der Putten (2003) has expressed that, outside financial specialists in China should know about the accompanying dangers related with working together in the nation; Corporate social duty (CSR) is otherwise called work hazard. Work dangers incorporate constrained work, concealment and the presence of incorrect work guidelines. These elements can unfavorably influence organizations and it is obligatory that outsiders know about them. Likewise, van der Putten (2003) states that work issues and worldwide associations are regularly in the spotlight over universal issues. Concerns, for example, these can bring about harm to the notoriety of the remote firm just as blacklist by the

Management and Organization Culture in Global Environment

Question: Examine about the Management and Organization Culture in Global Environment. Answer: Presentation In this article, the meaning of hierarchical culture will be delineated alongside the elements deciding the Organizational culture of Woolworths. Woolworths have a constructive hierarchical culture with their rule to treat individuals with poise and regard. In addition, the strategy through which the association culture influence the character, the difficulties the association face will be done. Ultimately, a portion of the proposal that Woolworths ought to consider will likewise talk about. Martin (2014) characterizes that the term hierarchical culture takes after the mutual valuesand suspicion of an association that additionally speaks to the general social methodology of the representative towards the association. Also, a few elements decide the authoritative culture-images, customs, story, control and force connect (Alvesson 2012). Liliana et al. (2015) portrays that the image means the initiative rules that an association has. Besides, ceremonies feature whether the authoritative culture upgrades the observation and working capacity of the representative. Martin (2014) portrays that associations story represents the idea of the business that is whether the approaches, methodology and workplace is compelling to advance the hierarchical culture. Notwithstanding that, control and force interface takes after the situation, where the effectiveness of the association to speak with the customer is estimated, and the enlisting and choosing the correct kinds of representativ es is executed individually. It is additionally broke down by Liliana et al. (2015) that hierarchical societies help in more noteworthy occupation fulfillment, worker and-client commitment and results in prevalent employment execution. Woolworths have a few needs that are Building a client and store-drove culture and group by producing maintainable deals force in the gracefully of food (Woolworthsgroup.com.au 2016). The concerned association additionally reestablishes their stores programs and fixes their fundamental procedure on center client offer with the goal that better items and administrations can be given to the association. Along these lines, they can make a future that can satisfy all the clients request. Janicijevic (2013) referenced that following all the lawful commitments and achieving all the business procedures morally, makes the worker related with the association for a more extended time. In this way, they placethe customeron the need rundown and tunes in to their requests alongside treating their worker similarly regardless of their various races. This looks like that they additionally esteem enhancement among their representative, follow all the legitimate commitments of work, wellbeing and security arrangement, reasonable compensation frameworks, and don't oppress them. The test that the association faces is the confliction among the working staff as it is beyond the realm of imagination each opportunity to incorporate worker while arranging a few approaches for better associations culture (Cummings and Worley 2014). Also, Harper (2015) feature that the such a large number of basic layersdiminish the adequacy of the correspondence of the worker with the overseeing specialists. In any case, it is suggested that this affliction can be overwhelmed by the remembering all the representatives for the dynamic procedure by directing normal gathering and meetings. In the event that conceivable, it is smarter to give a brief look at the up and coming authoritative approaches to the workers. Auh et al. (2014) depict that this normal gathering not just encourages Woolworths to give significance to every one of their representatives however it will likewise decrease the contentions among the working faculty alongside the better correspondence between the adminis trators and the representatives. Consequently, it tends to be presumed that workers are the key partner to complete the hierarchical culture and they are the individuals, who are planned to serve their best in fulfilling the clients need. In this way, carrying on well with them and give them esteems to their exertion is a critical commitment. An issue with clashes and poor correspondence among the overseeing specialists and representative can be overwhelmed by facilitating ordinary gatherings for talking about exercises identified with associations culture and methodology. Association Structure and Strategy In this segment, the idea of association structure and system alongside its significance will be talked about. Use of six components of the hierarchical structure will likewise be delineated which will be trailed by the divisional and practical structure of the Woolworths. Difficulties in actualizing the association structure, its related proposal will likewise be examined in this article. Rothaermel (2015) feature that a business structure is only a conventional design of the chain of importance of the association whiles the business procedure means a viable arrangement for accomplishing an association's strategic. The connection between these two viewpoints is that so as to achieve the associations design, successful methodologies must be executed (Ashkenas et al. 2015). The significance of the authoritative structure has assessed the adequacy of the dynamic, method of correspondence and the exhibition of the worker. The six key components of the association structure are-work specialization, departmentalization, hierarchy of leadership, a range of control, centralization/decentralization and formalization (Williams 2013). In Woolworths, the work is separated into various partners like providers give the items that are put away in their retail locations, the representative offer these items to the clients and the overseeing specialists assess the whole procedure. The departmentalization for Woolworths involves the accompanying components: Notwithstanding that, item departmentalization looks like the how every director is liable for a region inside Woolworths and is delineated in the chart beneath: In setting with the geographic hierarchical structure, the geographic locales structure of the companyis spoke to as indicated by the geographic areas where Woolworths is working current and is spoken to underneath: Besides, with regards to the levels of leadership, Woolworths applied three ideas of power that are to guide individuals so as to get authoritative culture alongside the commitment to play out any relegated obligations. Ashkenas et al. (2015) feature that with respect to range of control, higher item quality is stressed more and along these lines stricter ruleshave to be executed. Woolworths follows the decentralization approach, which takes after that lower-level supervisors are proficient and competent at deciding. They can legitimately speak with their more significant position authority. Finally, Daft (2012) delineate that enrollment of powerful representative implies the Woolworths approach towards formalization that is completed in a few stages like a screening of their applications, facilitating of meetings and afterward appraisals like situational tests. The test for this situation, Woolworths face is the correspondence among the territorial VPs of Woolworths that is suggeste d can be overwhelmed by standard gatherings and utilizing of trend setting innovation like video conferencing with the goal that refreshes in hierarchical functionalities can be talked about appropriately (Liliana et al. 2015). End In this way, it very well may be inferred that Woolworths has their key performing habitats in Australia yet is proposed to develop to different areas like New Zealand and India. The issue in orchestrating the authoritative structure is the correspondence between all the overseeing specialists that can be overwhelmed by normal contacts and embedding the idea of information sharing. Reference List Alvesson, M., 2012.Understanding hierarchical culture. Sage. Ashkenas, R., Ulrich, D., Jick, T. what's more, Kerr, S., 2015.The boundaryless association: Breaking the chains of hierarchical structure. John Wiley Sons. Auh, S., Spyropoulou, S., Menguc, B. what's more, Uslu, A., 2014. When and how does deals group strife influence deals group performance?.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,42(6), pp.658-679. Cummings, T.G. what's more, Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization turn of events and change. Cengage learning. Silly, R., 2012.Organization hypothesis and structure. Nelson Education. Harper, C., 2015.Organizations: Structures, procedures and results. Routledge. Janicijevic, N., 2013. The shared effect of hierarchical culture and structure.Ekonomski Anali/Economic Annals,58(198), pp.35-60. Liliana, N., George, B. what's more, Gabriel-Iulian, T., 2015. The New Organizational Culture.Ovidius University Annals, Series Economic Sciences,15(1). Martin, J., 2014. Authoritative Culture and Leadership.Leadership in Academic Libraries Today: Connecting Theory to Practice, p.143. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic administration. McGraw-Hill. Williams, C., 2013.Principles of the board. South-Western/Cengage Learning. Woolworthsgroup.com.au., 2016.Strategy and goals - Woolworths Group. [online] Available at: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us/our-approach/technique and-targets/

ALLEN - Surname Meaning and Origin of Last Name Allen

ALLEN - Surname Meaning and Origin of Last Name Allen The Allen and Allan last name get from aluinn, which means reasonable or attractive. The Allan family name spelled with an is commonly viewed as related with Scottish groups, including Clan Donald, Clan Grant, Clan MacFarlane, and Clan MacKay. Spelled with an e, be that as it may, the Allen family name is commonly viewed as English in starting point. Be that as it may, an assortment of names from an assortment of districts may be anglicized as either Allen or Allan, so the name spelling may not highlight your familys cause. Family name Origin ï » ¿Scottish, English Exchange Surname Spellings ï » ¿ALAN, ALLAN Popular People With the Surname ALLEN Ethan Allen - pioneer of the Green Mountain Boys and an American official during the Revolutionary WarKris Allen - victor of American Idol, season eightLily Allen - British pop starRichard Allen - serve, instructor, essayist, and originator of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) denominationMarcus Allen - National Football Hall of Fame part, drafted 2003 Lineage Resources for the Surname ALLEN ï » ¿100 Most Common U.S. Family names Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Is it accurate to say that you are one of the a large number of Americans wearing one of these best 100 basic last names from the 2000 statistics? Allen Family Genealogy ForumSearch this famous ancestry discussion for the Allen last name to discover other people who may be investigating your progenitors, or post your own Allen question. There are additionally discrete discussions for the ALLAN and ALAN varieties of the Allen last name. FamilySearch - ALLEN GenealogyFind records, questions, and ancestry connected family trees posted for the Allen last name and its varieties. DistantCousin.com - ALLEN Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and lineage joins for the last name Allen. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Word reference of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.ï » ¿Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Welcome COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Welcome COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Thank you for visiting the SIPA Admissions blog. The purpose of the blog is to communicate information regarding admissions, financial aid, and SIPA related news. You can ensure that news is delivered to by subscribing to this blog. In the right hand menu you will find a place to enter your email address. When you enter your address and click the Subscribe button, each time a new entry is posted on this site you will receive an email update. This blog will replace the digital newsletter formerly sent by email. To view an archive of the newsletters sent in the past, please click here. If you have any questions feel free to contact us by sending an email to us at sipa_admission@columbia.edu.

Philosophy Research Immanuel Kant Ethical System - 275 Words

Philosophy Research: Immanuel Kant Ethical System (Term Paper Sample) Content: Saad Answers6. Describe a specific virtue to which an individual should aspire as defined by Aristotle. How does such a virtue relate to the golden mean, and what is the role of a good state of character?Aristotle classified virtues in two categories; intellectual virtues and moral virtues. Intellectual virtues are those that result from excellence in teaching while moral are those that results from excellence formed through habitual actions. One specific virtue that Aristotle defined was courage. This is a type of moral virtue because it is developed through performing repeated habits of courage. This virtue deals with the feelings of confidence and fear. Aristotle argued that every virtue lies in the theory of the golden mean because if not well controlled it can manifest in the sides of extreme and deficiency. Virtue is the golden mean between two vices, the one of excess and the other deficiency . For instance, courage is a virtue, but in excess, it will manife st itself in the form of recklessness or pride. Also, in the scenarios of deficiency, courage will manifest itself in the form of cowardice. Both recklessness and cowardice are vices which do not manifest a good state of character. According to Aristotle, one should always hold a good state of character such as having the virtue of courage to fulfill their full purpose in life. For instance, a sharp life cuts well because it is in a good state, but a blunt one does not perform its duties with excellence.7. Discuss why one classification of imperative is considered moral and the other not in Immanuel Kants ethical system.Immanuel Kant ethical system proposed two types of imperatives which are hypothetical and categorical imperatives. Hypothetical imperative is considered less moral because it promotes selfishness and individualism since we are only obliged to obey what satisfies our desires. For instance, going to see a doctor is a hypothetical imperative because it...

How to Deal With Confrontational Students

The Bond of Communion An Analysis of the Communal Bonds...

The Bond of Communion: An Analysis of the Communal bonds throughout Dante Alighieri’s The Inferno Human beings are odd creatures, possessing abilities no other living species have. These abilities being Intelligence, Reason, and Free Will. These attributes allow human beings to value and destroy whatever they deem necessary to them. One of the most valuable things to a human being is the communal bond. This bond comes in many shapes and forms and is ultimately a form of love, and is usually a connection we share with others and with God. The communal bond works like a relationship, in which the persons involved are expected to and obey the instructions specified. This bond is a weak love, one that is easily influenced and most likely to†¦show more content†¦Dante’s use of symbolism is most evident in this passage, where light is a symbol for reason and love. The fact that the second circle is void of these two attributes amplifies that the Lustful abandon their reason and love in order to pursue and satisfy their physical body. Dante having successfully establishe d the setting moves on to establish his concept of Contrapasso. Dante describes â€Å"[the] hellish flight [of the sinners] / of storm and counter storm†¦sweep[ing] the souls of the damned before its change. / Whirling and battering†¦ / their shrieks begin anew.† (5.29-35) The punishment of the Lustful and Carnal is the inability to control their actions in Hell. They are forever controlled by the winds of Hell, this is due to their inability to control their earthly passions in life. Another punishment the Lustful face are the inability to be with their loved one, in Hell they can see and speak to their loved one but are forever denied the right to touch their lover, causing them suffering and anguish. The readers sympathize with the sinners and Dante himself pities the lustful in this circle. Dante structures his Inferno in circles, with the higher circles being composed of lesser sins and the lowest circles being the gravest sins. Dante structures the circles wis ely in order to stress the belief of the importance of community. The higher circles of Hell contain the sinners who sought unity and community,

Analysis Of The Movie The Social Network - 2111 Words

What does the good life mean to you? When I think about the good life it is rich with family and friends. My friendships have become an in importance to me as I get older. One trait of friendships that I hold above others is honor in a friendship. Honor can be defined in many different ways. Depending on your culture it plays a huge role in our perceptions of friendships. Different cultures have different viewpoints in how they define honor and the traits that accompany them. Japan has a different definition than America in terms of honor. Each culture defines honor in its own unique way. In the movie, The Social Network Mark and Eduardo each represent different forms of honor in American culture. In Great mirror of male love Korin represents the Japanese culture of honor. Sohachiro represents true Japanese honor culture by taking his own life after his lover was murdered This class has taught me alot about relationships and the importance of a true friendship with how much it can af fect your life. Honor and betrayal are two components that can make or break a friendship. Honor can be defined as to regard or treat (someone) with admiration and respect. It can also mean to give special recognition to another person. Honor and betrayal affects the development of male to male friendship. In the story of â€Å"Great mirror of male love Korin can be looked up as an honorable person. He worked as a young boy to help his mother with money since his father died. He did not lieShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Social Network 1069 Words   |  5 PagesEssay 4: The Social Network Critique The movie that we watched in class is called The Social Network. 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Middlesex By Jeffrey Eugenides Essay Questions - 1233 Words

Middlesex Final Test Prompt 2: In the event of Cal working for the Sixty-Niners in the book Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides, he learns to come to terms with both himself and his gender identity. An example would be how when Cal joined the Sixty-Niners, he met other hermaphrodites like Zora who taught him how to come to terms with himself and supported him throughout the process. This is shown in the quote â€Å"‘Look at you. No one would ever know.† â€Å"I want people to know, Cal.† â€Å"How come?† Zora folded her long legs under herself. With her fairy’s eyes, paisley-shaped, blue and glacial looking into mine, she said, â€Å"Because we’re what’s next.(490)’† Zora explains to Cal why she doesn’t try to hide the fact that she’s a hermaphrodite and even†¦show more content†¦Prompt 3: The central conflict of the book Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides is gender identity which is shown through Calliope’s struggle with determining and accepting her true gender as a hermaphrodite. The conflict also affects other characters as it causes grief, confusion, and leads to. Calliope’s first encounter with her gender identity crisis was when she develops feelings and sexual attraction to the Object which is stated in â€Å"Jerome knew what I was, as suddenly I did, too, for the first time clearly understood that I wasn’t a girl but something in between. I knew this from how natural it had felt to enter Rex Reese’s body, how right it felt, and I knew this from the shocked expression on Jerome’s face†(375). The experience of having intercourse with Jerome and fantasizing being in Rex’s position shows that Calliope isn’t just a female but something in between and that adds more to her suspicion and confusion of her actual gender. This also affects other characters as it leads up to Calliope having a sexual relationship with the Object which reveals the Objectà ¢â‚¬â„¢s true feelings towards Calliope and her actual sexuality. She also has another encounter with her gender identity when she discovers that she’s biologically a boy who had been raised as a girl. In the file by Dr. Luce, it describes Calliope’s condition with the description â€Å" As the girl’s gender identity was firmly established as female at that timeShow MoreRelatedLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesaround the globe.[15] The genre translates fairly directly into cinematic form, the coming-of-age film. Plot outline[edit] A Bildungsroman relates the growing up or coming of age of a sensitive person who goes in search of answers to life s questions with the expectation that these will result from gaining experience of the world. The genre evolved from folklore tales of a dunce or youngest son going out in the world to seek his fortune. Usually in the beginning of the story there is an emotional

Jesus as Messiah, Prophet and Son of Man Free Essays

Jesus, being both divine and human, is attributed the roles of Messiah, prophet and Son of Man.   The three roles are distinct from each other but the role of Messiah is the most controversial of the three because of the difference between Judaic expectation and Jesus’ interpretation of the role.   On the other hand, the roles Prophet and Son of Man are more easily acceptable by any culture or religion as they view the historical Jesus, but each is no less important. We will write a custom essay sample on Jesus as Messiah, Prophet and Son of Man or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Jesus’ prophetic role enables him to become a direct messenger from God, and his humanity provides empathy with human attitudes and feelings.   His humanity also emphasizes that his ability to feel pain contributes to the reality of his sacrifice during his suffering, and death by crucifixion. Jesus is the Son in the Holy Trinity and this gives him the identity of God incarnate, being both human and divine.   Though through Jesus’ omniscient messianic role, the prophetic role is already expected, there are aspects about his ministry that distinguish the role of Messiah from the role of prophet.   Moreover, while these are divine facets of Jesus, his identity as the Son of Man, or being truly human, is equally important because it gives more importance to his sacrifices, especially his death by crucifixion.   Meanwhile, Jesus complies with the general description of the prophesied Judaic Messiah (Croatto, 2005, p. 464), having been born as a descendant of David, but the Jews   are expecting more in terms of a Messiah who will save his people from physical bondage. Jesus is recognized more as the Messiah rather than a prophet, because it is through being the Messiah that he is able to save while as a prophet he merely foretells what is to come, like many other prophets.   However, Jesus’ role as Messiah has become the most controversial of his facets.   The Jewish people are more ready to accept Jesus as a fully human prophet than being the actual Messiah because of the different expectations attached by the Jews to the role of Messiah: â€Å"All the prophets affirmed that the Messiah will redeem Israel, save them, gather their dispersed, and confirm the commandments. But he caused Israel to be destroyed by the sword, their remnant to be dispersed and humiliated† (Wolf, 2001, p. 370).   In their great suffering, the Jews have longed for a Savior that will fight physically in order to save them, like a much more powerful version of human kings.   Jesus, on the other hand, has come to die for people’s sins, to save the soul instead of the body. His messianic role also involves healing.   â€Å"Jesus’ miraculous deeds in Matthew, therefore, are replete with eschatological significance and point to Jesus’ messianic identity† (Cousland, 2003, p. 770); people have waited for a Messiah who can heal.   There are many instances in the bible which refers to Jesus’ healing of physical afflictions along with spiritual ones. He has raised people from the dead, has cured life-threatening diseases and has released demons from the bodies of those afflicted both spiritually and physically.   He therefore, has demonstrated apt evidence that support his messianic identity.   Nevertheless, in a time of conflict and doubt, this is not apparent to people who have hungered for someone who can liberate them and have waited for so long for the fulfillment of a prophesied warrior who will bring about justice and peace.   As a result, Jesus has been tagged as a â€Å"Messianic pretender† (Wolf, 2001, p. 370). Jesus’ role of Prophet is prevalent in the Gospel of Luke.   Though overshadowed by his Messianic role, it is a more tangible role that is also supported by prophecy, particularly in Deuteronomy.   Jesus is described as the â€Å"new Moses† and a â€Å"Teacher† (Croatto, 2005, p. 454).   It is also important to know that Jesus has described himself as prophet in Luke 13:33, and is a healer-preacher like the prophet Elijah.   As a prophet, the historical Jesus is compared to past prophets like Moses and Elijah. â€Å"The prophet Jesus is the paradigm for the Christian prophetic mission. To see Christ, the Messiah, as heavenly king and monarch is not very suitable today, because of so many sad experiences of many monarchies in our world† (Croatto, 2005, p. 465).  Ã‚   This means that during these times, the image of Jesus as prophet is more important.   It can become a practical framework for modern prophets or missionaries intent in spreading the word of God.   In today’s world, monarchs and other political leaders are regarded with some trepidation or criticism.   The Jews of Jesus’ time may be longing for a Messiah who will rule as a king but today’s people will want to hear a preacher or to go to a healer.   Croatto’s statement can also mean that Jesus’ interpretation of his role of Messiah through his work as prophet and healer is a good manifestation of messianic identity. As has been mentioned earlier, Jesus’ role of Son of Man, or being truly human, adds to the magnitude of his works.   It is curious then to know the implications if Jesus’ come to the world of his people as a purely divine Messiah without a true understanding of the human condition, instead of becoming God turned Man.   In becoming the Son of Man, he fully empathizes with his people but it also means that he is not the warrior king that everyone has been expecting from a divine Messiah.   Furthermore, Jesus has become truly human to become a good example to his people of what it is to be truly human.   â€Å"The essence of divinity is fully realized humanity.   Therefore, only God is truly human, and the task set before human beings are to become human as God is human†¦Jesus serves as our model of true humanity† (Burkett, May 2002, p. 43). Jesus is Messiah, Prophet and Son of Man, human and divine, and these aspects of his role in the world is emphasized by his preaching and healing.   Though Jesus is not the Savior that the Jewish people have expected, his Messianic role and prophetic mission are supported by the Scriptures.   His Messianic role is manifested in his healing, his prophetic mission through his teachings and his humanity through a direct understanding of the human condition. References:   Ã‚  BIBLIOGRAPHY   \l 1033   Burkett, D. (May 2002). Our Man Jesus. Christian Century , 43-46. Cousland, J. (2003). Book Review: Messiah, the Healer of the Sick: A Study of Jesus as the Son David in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the Gospel of Matthew. Journal of Biblical Literature , 768-771. Croatto, J. S. (2005). Jesus, Prophet like Elijah, and Prophet Teacher like Moses in Luke – Acts. 451-465. Wolf, A. J. (2001). Jesus and the Jews. 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The Scientific Method for Falsifiable Testing - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theThe Scientific Method for Falsifiable Testing Procedures. Answer: Introduction The scientific method is the name given to a series of procedures for obtaining new knowledge or updating existing knowledge about the varied phenomena which typically involves empirical and measurable or verifiable source of observation. The father of scientific methodology is said by some to be the Arab polymath Ibn al-Haytham who first argued the importance of questioning phenomena and validating them through formally testing them. The principal steps involved in the scientific method are:(i)detailed observation of events or phenomena, (ii) asking relevant questions about the cause and/or effect of the phenomena, (iii) formulating testable hypotheses based on the observations (iv) develop testable predictions based on the hypotheses framed (v) testing the validity of the predictions using empirical and falsifiable testing procedures (vi) formulating effective theories, if the tests in the previous step are positive/ reformulate hypiotheses and predictions and retest those. Thus, w e see that scientific method is more of a cyclic and continuous process over time.(Science Made Simple. 2016). The scientific method, at least since the time of Galileo, has produced innumerable advancements in human knowledge and thinking, the fruits of which we are enjoying at the present moment. In this project, though, we look and critique at the scientific method with reference to the statistical perspective in a typical experimental setup, taking a published journal article for our reference. T-Test, Anova And Regression Analysis The three most prominent statistical terms that are being used in practice in statistical analyses, and are being critically examined with respect to their application in this report are: the t-test, analysis of variance(ANOVA) and regression analysis. It is important to know the details of these three terms before we try to critique the journal article. In a sense, all the three terms can be included under the broad category of regression analysis, which is used to compare the statistical difference between two or more different samples or variables.(Paret, M., 2016) , (Lomax, R. G. 2007)Typically, the analysis is used to find out the relationship(s) between one dependent and one or more independent variables in a population. In regression analysis, the dependent variable is assumed to be a function of the independent variables with respect to certain parameters, the number of which depends of the type of regression we use, like linear or non-linear or multilinear. In mathematical t erminology, we can say that regression analysis hinges on two things: (i)Correlation, or the problem of finding the form of the function where where is the dependent variable and are dependent variables, being the parameters which is usually determined in linear and general linear cases by a factor known as correlation coefficent which is a ratio of product of covariances(deviation from means) to the product of standard deviations In this step, an additional terminology used is the error in prediction, denoted by which is minimized by a method commonly known as method of least squares. (ii) The testing of statistical significance of the above estimated function by calculating the conditional probability of the model being false and comparing the obtained value with that of a known standard probability distribution. Two additional terminologies used in this step are the null and alternative hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the assumption that the dependency of the dependent variable on the independent variable is not real but accidental and the alternative hypothesis is that the dependency is actual. In this context, the two most widely used probability distributions are the t-distribution and F-distribution. When the t-distribution is used, the statistical test is said to be a t-test, and when the F-distribution is used, the test is said to be an F-test. The analysis of variance(ANOVA) is determining the interdependence and statistical difference between a set of more than two variables using an F-test applied to the ratio of variance between the group of interdependent variables and variance within of group of variables. Note that the statistical tests like t-test and F-test are not limited only to regression analysis, rather can also be performed on sample statistics which are assumed to follow the Students-t or Snedecor-F distribution.(NLREG., 2017), (Montgomery, D. C. 2012) In addition, for the analysis that we will use in this article, we also need some terminology from the sampling theory. The most common sampling methods used in experiments are: simple random sampling, stratified random sampling and multistage random sampling. In simple random sampling, each and every unit in the population is equally likely to be a part of the sample chosen. In stratified random sampling, the population is stratified, or classified beforehand into strata or classes based on certain parameters and then, the sample is constructed by simple random sampling from amongst the strata. In multistage random sampling, the sample is chosen in multiple steps. This type of sampling is quite useful in cases where location based sampling is essential. In this type of sampling the population is first divided into regions from which the first simple random sampling is done. The second stage consists of simple random sampling from dividing the hitherto divided regions into further sm aller regions, and so on. Thus, in this type of sampling, we are more localising the population to be sampled.(Yale University ., 2017) the article chosen for critical analysis The article that is chosen for this critical report is Pandey, M., Singh, J., Mangal, G., Yadav, P.,(2014),Evaluation of awareness regarding orthodontic procedures among a group of preadolescents in a cross-sectional study, Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry,4(1),44-47. The article is an open access article, available on PubMed Central with PMCID:PMC4015160. In the article, statistical analysis is done regarding the awareness and know-how of orthodontic and other dental procedures among a group of preadolescents from rural and urban areas in Bilaspur district, Chattisgarh State, India. The objective of the paper says that the study was conducted as there was a high prevalence of malocclusion, which is a dental anomaly characterized by large abnormalities in the tooth position. The method employed by the authors of the paper was a cross-sectional study of about 1010 subjects(students) with average age somewhere around 13.02 years with standard devia tion of 2.1 years using a questionnaire consisting of questions pertaining know how of orthodontical procedures. The questionnaire was validated by using a pilot study consisting of nine items. Finally, to test the statistical significance, t-test and ANAOVA were conducteed at a significance level of 0.05. The broad results of the study were that students aged 14 years were more aware than other students, that girl students were significantly more aware of the orthodontic procedures and that students from urban background were similarly more aware than their rural counterparts. The Experimental Design Used In The Article The method of design of the study used by the authors requires some mention. The Methods section of the article says that first, an epidemological survey was taken in the Bilaspur district during the period between September and December, 2013; and then later a multistage random sampling was done to select six schools consisting of three in urban and three in rural areas in the same district. We see that preliminary epidemological survey, done in this case is quite important, as it helps to determine the local variations amongst the population effectively. Sampling before assessing the local properties of the population may lead to enormous difficulties in proper data sampling and may even lead to biased sample. The next thing we note is the use of multistage random sampling to select the six schools. Note that this is a very crucial part of the reseearch. If simple random sampling or, stratified random sampling would have been made, there could have been drastic changes in the resul t. We note that the method adopted by the authors is well suited to the purpose, as the population that is used to study is a very large one, and simple random sampling could be representative of a very small part of population. Stratified sampling, though better than simple random sampling in this case, gives the problem of stratification of the population, which is another complex issue having various parameters. Thus, the via media solution is to employ multistage random sampling that effectively tries to capture the population of Bilaspur district. We also note that a dual stratification has also been done by the authors by including equal samples from urban and rural areas. This is because, the urban students, having good access to modern information, may be well equipped with orthodontic procedures, whereas, those with a rural background may not be as aware as their urban counterparts. Thus, to ensure evenness, equal samples were selected from both the urban and rural areas. W e also note that pilot study was conducted to validate the questionnaire beforehand. Pilot study is a small scale reliability test of the sample to evaluate the feasibility, time, cost, adverse events, and statistical variability of the sample. This is quite essential, because, in spite of the precautions taken while choosing the sample, like multistage sampling and stratification into urban and rural parts, it may so happen that the sample is thoroughly biased, for example, it may so happen that a particular school chosen may be the only one where the students are exceptionally educated as regards dental procedures due to the fact of there being a qualified dentist and better infrastructural facility in the school and hence report to the questionnaire more faithfully and correctly in comparison with other schools, where the students may just randomly guess the answer to questionnaires based on their whims and fancies. To ensure fairness, a pilot study is essential before embarking to the full detailed questionnaire. The article states that the intra-examiner reliability factor, =0.87. We note that there is a good intra-examiner reliability, as the cohens kappa is close to 1.(Sapiens 2010). Now, the authors state that after the pilot study was performed amongst the chosen samples, the main sample was chosen excluding those undergoing orthodontic treatments. This latter step is added to ensure unbiasedness, as those students would be naturally more aware of orthodontic procedures. Statistical Analysis Used In The Article The article states that after the questionnaire was successfully answered by the volunteer students, the statistical analysis of the scored data was done using SPSS 16.0 software. The details that were recorded were descriptive statistics including mean percentage scores, standard deviations, frequency scores, students t-test and ANOVA to test the statistical significance of means, and finally multiple linear regression. Here, we note the authors are using a complete approach to statistically analysing the data. The descriptive statistics are as much important to analyse the data as much as the quantitative tests used. The descriptive statistics proivide us a qualitative description of the data, which is quite useful to understand a priori as to which statistical test to apply to investigate the data more thoroughly. Now, we see the results obtained. We see that amongst the 1010 students selected for the study, 556 were boys and 454 were girls, 606 were from urban areas and 404 from rural areas and the ages varied from 12 to 15 years. We observe that here the dependent variable is the nominal binary awareness of the orthodontic procedure, whereas the independent variables are age, location(urban/rural) and gender. From Table1 in the article, we can also find out that the number of 12 year olds is 254, 13 year olds 200, 14 year olds 252 and 15 year olds 304. Thus, we see that there are roughly equal proportion of students in each of subcategories of each of the independent variables. Thus, the sample chosen is well suited to the variables chosen. The study also revelead that the overall awareness of orthodontic procedures among the students is about 45.1%. The mean scores of awareness of orthodontic procedures amongst girls(4.46) with a standard deviation of 1.71 was found to be significantly higher than that of boys (4.00) with standard deviation of 1.489 using t-test. We need to understand here that the awareness as a whole gave a rough account of know how of the orthodontic procedures among the students, whereas the mean scores calculated on the basis of grouping the sample gives us a better command over the distinction of the same over the various sub-categories of the sample. In addition, the t-test also gives us conclusive evidence that the mean scores are significantly different and not due to pure chance alone, which is seen from Table 2 in the article, where p-value is seen to be 0. Though theoretically p-value cannot be equal to 0, but the zero value is indicative of a very low value in the SPSS software. What this implies in the context of t-test is that the probability of the difference of means of the two subcategories in the sample(boys and girls in case of Table 2) being zero assuming the null hypothesis that they are equal is close to zero. We need to note that the level of significance of the test, or the threshold value of the value of Students-t distribution chosen before the study began was 0.05. But, the observed value of probability is found to be close to 0, which is indicative that the original assumption of the null hypothesis that the means of the genders are equal is false and needs to be rejected. This simple test shows the power of statistical logic, which is not to be obtained in a casual prima facie study. Similarly, the t-test applied to subcategories according to location gave significant difference amongst the mean scores in urban(4.43 with standard deviation 1.606) and rural locations(4.00 with a standard deviation 1.578), with a p-value close to zero or exactly zero in the SPSS software. The next observation in the results section we need to consider is the ANOVA table. Here, in addition to the p-value, we have additional column showing the F-value. What the F-value actually shows is the ratio of between the group variances(the age groups in Table 1) and within the group variances(variance of awareness in a single age group). We see that if the null hypothesis that the mean of the groups according to ages are equal, which is assumed, were true, then the between the group variances would be dominated by or equal to the within the group variances, thus giving us an F-value of close to 1 or less than 1. But, that this is not the case is shown by the high value of F-value in all the four subcategories of age parameter, being well above 1 in all the four cases(seen to be 57.61, 81.48, 69.21, 51.81 respectively for 12, 13, 14 and 15 year olds). This, combined with the p-values being close to zero, proves the significance of the difference in the mean scores of the different age groups between different, with the observed mean score of 5.20 with a standard deviation of 0.747 for 14 year olds to be the highest . The last analysis we take up is the regression analysis between the three different variables of age, location and gender. We note that the t-test is a subset of F-test(ANOVA) in the two dimensional case, or in other words, when we compare only two variables or subgroups within a sample, the F-test is nothing but the t-test as, the Snedecor-F distribution with 1 degree of freedom is the Students-t distribution. Again, the ANAOVA is nothing but the regression analysis of the variances. Thus, in ANOVA and t-tests done, the authors compared the subcategories in the independent variables of Age(12 to 15 year olds), Gender(Boys and Girls) and Location(Urban and Rural), in the final regression analysis they are comparing the mean scores in the three main categories of variables themselves. Thus, ANOAVA and t-tests were a regression analysis done on the subcategories within the independent variables. In the regression analysis, we find that age, gender and location, in that order of preference affect the dependent variable of awareness of orthodontic procedures. This is ensured by comparing the value, which is nothing but the multiple correlation coefficient computed by taking into account the individual correlation coefficients involving the individual independent variables with the dependent variable as in a correlation matrix. The scores obtained keeping only age constant is less than that obtained keeping both age and gender constant which is less than that obtained keeping all the three constant. The F-values being significantly greater than 1, and p-values being close to zero, gives us the validity of the differential effect of the three independent variables on the dependent variable. Conclusion And Summary We see that the authors of the journal article have made a thorough statistical analysis of the awraeness of orthodontic procedures amongst the student in an attempt to better understand the prevalence of malocclusion. The way the sample was chosen, the way the validation was conducted, the statistical analyses conducted and the results and conclusions drawn, were, from a statistical and analytical perspective, quite appreciable. But, as in statistics, there are bound to errors in the study. The first error might have crept in from the choice of schools and the volunteers that participated. In spite of wisdom in sampling and conducting the pilot study, there might have been biases in the selection of schools due to political, or, similar reasons, like better infrastructure in schools and enthusiasm in students. It might be the case that within the group variances in the ANOVA and regression analyses be very small and insignificant as compared to the between group variances just becau se of the reason that the volunteers were of a homogenous nature, thus giving ahigh F-value, in spite of there being no significant difference in the means. Again, this has to do with sample selection. We think that it might have improved the statistical analysis if two way ANOVA be done to improve the test and an ANOCOVA(Analysis of Covariance) be performed. (Kass, R. E . 1 February 2011). Overall, the study made by authors can be a suitable model which could be implemented in statistical studies. References Pandey, M., Singh, J., Mangal, G., Yadav, P.,(2014),Evaluation of awareness regarding orthodontic procedures among a group of preadolescents in a cross-sectional study, Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry,4(1),44-47. Kass, R. E (1 February 2011). "Statistical inference: The big picture". Statistical Science. Institute of Mathematical Statistics. 26 (1): 19. Montgomery, D. C.(2012). Design and analysis of experiments (8th Ed.). John Wiley Sons. Science Made Simple(2016),The Scientific Method,[ONLINE] Available at https://www.sciencemadesimple.com/scientific_method.html [Accessed 16/10/2017] Frost, J. (2016), Understanding Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the F-test,[ONLINE] .Avilable at https://blog.minitab.com/blog/adventures-in-statistics-2/understanding-analysis-of-variance-anova-and-the-f-test[Accessed 16/10/2017] NLREG. (2017), Understanding the Results of an Analysis,[ONLINE] Available at https://www.nlreg.com/results.htm [Acccessed 16/10/2017] Sapiens(2010).Action without change? On the use and usefulness of pilot experiments in environmental management [ONLINE] Available at https://sapiens.revues.org/979 [Accessed 16/10/2017] Paret, M., (2016), Regression versus ANOVA: Which Tool to Use When, [ONLINE] Available at https://blog.minitab.com/blog/michelle-paret/regression-versus-anova%3A-which-tool-to-use-when [Accessed 16/10/2017] Lomax, R. G. (2007). Statistical Concepts: A Second Course. p.10. McLugh, M.L. (2012), Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic, Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2012 Oct; 22(3): 276282. Yale University (2017), Sampling, [ONLINE] Available at https://www.stat.yale.edu/Courses/1997-98/101/sample.htm [Accessed 16/10/2017]

Life Span Development Normal Puberty

Question: Describe about the Life Span Development for Normal Puberty. Answer: Introduction Adolescence starts with the onset of physiologically normal puberty and generally ends at the time when an adult recognize and behaviors are accepted. This period of development corresponds roughly to the period between the ages of 10 and 19 years that is consistent with the definition of adolescence of World Health Organization (Selemon, 2013). This is one of the interesting parts of the human lives and thus to carry on the entire research work, this specific time has been selected. Sara Marlin, a 14 years old girl has been selected, as some behavioral issues have been observed in her case. For gaining proper information regarding her issues, both interview and observation would take place for long 4 weeks. It is obvious that during adolescence, the teens most of the time struggle with their body changes, mood swings as well as social issues and these all together leave impact on their behavior. Therefore, it is suggested that the youngsters are required to learn how to navigate the adolescent years, how to foster healthy conversations with their adolescent regarding peer pressure, body self-image, rape, drug/alcohol abuse and many more (Farb Matjasko, 2012). Questionnaire With whom you stay at home? How close are you with your father? With whom you feel comfortable enough to hang out? How often do you hand out with your friends? What are your future plans? How would you achieve this? How do you spend your leisure time? How have you state your targets for the coming years in your life? Do you believe in pre-marital sex? How often do you interact with your father? What are your viewpoints regarding married life? Do you prefer to stay alone in your home? Based on the above mentioned questionnaire, the entire analysis would be made. Physical development It can be stated that the pre-teen see lots of changes- physical, emotional, cognitive and social. During this time, the bodies and emotions of children change a lot and recognize changes in different ways at different times. In case of girls, the physical changes around puberty takes into account breast development, changes in body shapes and height, growth of pubic and body hair as well as the start of menstruation. Apart from that, it can be stated that the brain growth tends to continue into the early 20s and the development of the frontal lobe particularly is significant during this stage. Crockett and Crouter (2014) have stated that due to the rates of physical development vary largely among the teenagers; puberty can be a source of pride or embarrassment. Apart from that, it is necessary to mention that during adolescence, children develop the ability to understand abstract ideas, establish as well as maintain satisfying relationships, move towards a more mature sense of thems elves and at the same time questions old values and beliefs without losing their identity. In this particular case, it has been found that Sara Marlin during her adolescence has not met ant physical challenges, but she had some other issues (Hetherington, Reiss Plomin, 2013). Cognitive development Chadwick, Miller and Hurd (2015) have stated that cognitive development means the growth of childs ability to think and reason and Sara Marlin has been affected due to cognitive development. Sara has seen her divorced father from childhood and this has forced her to think abstractly. Apart from that, it can be stated that in adolescence, changes in brain directly interact with experience, knowledge and social demands and produce rapid cognitive expansion. From the research work of Jean Piaget has demonstrated adolescence as the stage of life in which the thoughts of an individual start taking more of an abstract form and egocentric thoughts decrease. His theory hypothesizes that cognitive improvement of adolescents are relatively sudden as well as drastic (Kunnen, 2012). Moral development As youths cognitive, emotional and social development continues to mature, their understanding of morality expands and their behavior becomes more closely aligned with their values and beliefs. Therefore, moral development demonstrates the evolution of these guiding principles and is demonstrated by the ability to apply these guidelines in the daily life. Being frustrated enough in her daily life, Sara likes hanging out with the friends and she has developed addiction towards drug consumption. Although she has been warned by her father, she continues to stick to her own point of view regardless of the opinion of her lover ones. Therefore, it is understood that Sara has faced challenges in case of her moral development and this is one of the features of adolescence (Arnett, 2014). In order to explain in detail this phase, it is necessary to discuss Kohlbergs theory and from this it can be found that at the pre-conventional level, children generally do not have a personal code of morality. In that phase, their moral code is shaped by the standards of adults and Sara has seen a degraded moral situation at her home. In the post conventional morality, individual judgment is based on self selected principles and here Sara has become stubborn enough. As per the Kohlbergs theory, only 10% to 15% of people achieve post-conventional morality (Hill et al., 2012). Psychosocial development Eriksons stages of psychosocial development are one of the important theories that are required to discuss here, as this justifies the situation carefully. It can be seen that teenagers would be experiencing an identity crisis during this time, they are unsure of themselves, unsure of their future and Sara has been one of the prominent examples of this dilemma. Apart from that, it can be stated that this is also a time when the teenagers seek for independence as well as autonomy. Apart from that, they want to make their own decisions and use their own morality scale. Meschke, Peter and Bartholomae (2012) have opined that friendships and intimacy are important to adolescents and this often becomes their priority and in this time, peers have a great influence on the behaviors and attitudes. Sara has been largely influenced by her group of friends and they matter everything to her. Issues faced by adolescents Vrieze, McGue and Iacono (2012) have stated that teenagers most of the times experiment with a variety of actions as well as substances. Unfortunately, this experimentation can lead to substance abuse and addiction and Sara in this case has developed a habit of drug consumption. It can be stated that there are several symptoms of drug abuse, but some of the most common signs that the teens are abusing drugs are: Issues at school like excessive tardiness, poor grades, suspension and some more Mood swings Loss of interest in favorite actions (Hill et al., 2012) Drug paraphernalia Withdrawal Depression Poor hygiene Missing memory Carefulness of parents (Vrieze, McGue Iacono, 2012) Improper life style of the parents and many more From the above discussion, it can be found out that Sara has been suffering from bad habits of consuming drugs and it is believed that due to negligence of her father, she has grown such habit. Apart from that, from the interview with the Sara, it can be derived that Sara might be interested enough in premarital sex, as she has different viewpoint regarding marriage (Hill et al., 2012). Conclusion After going through different parts, it can be found out that the adolescents might face several issues like mental health issues like mood disorders, anxiety disorders, thought disease, psychological disorders and some more. Sara has been interview and observed for this research work and it has been found that she is going through adolescence and has grown a habit of drug addiction. Since her childhood, she saw her father who used to consumed alcohol and this has affected her childhood badly and thus in her adolescence, she has faced numerous issues. References Arnett, J. J. (2014).Adolescence and emerging adulthood. Pearson Education Limited. Chadwick, B., Miller, M. L., Hurd, Y. L. (2015). Cannabis use during adolescent development: susceptibility to psychiatric illness.Clearing the smokescreen: The current evidence on cannabis use, 32. Crockett, L. J., Crouter, A. C. (2014).Pathways through adolescence: Individual development in relation to social contexts. Psychology Press. Farb, A. F., Matjasko, J. L. (2012). Recent advances in research on school-based extracurricular activities and adolescent development.Developmental Review,32(1), 1-48. Hetherington, E. M., Reiss, D., Plomin, R. (Eds.). (2013).Separate social worlds of siblings: The impact of nonshared environment on development. Routledge. Hill, R. A., Wu, Y. W. C., Kwek, P., Buuse, M. V. D. (2012). Modulatory Effects of Sex Steroid Hormones on Brain?Derived Neurotrophic Factor?Tyrosine Kinase B Expression during Adolescent Development in C57Bl/6 Mice.Journal of neuroendocrinology,24(5), 774-788. Kunnen, S. E. (Ed.). (2012).A dynamic systems approach to adolescent development. Psychology Press. Meschke, L. L., Peter, C. R., Bartholomae, S. (2012, February). Developmentally appropriate practice to promote healthy adolescent development: Integrating research and practice. InChild Youth Care Forum(Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 89-108). Springer US. Selemon, L. D. (2013). A role for synaptic plasticity in the adolescent development of executive function.Translational psychiatry,3(3), e238. Vrieze, S. I., McGue, M., Iacono, W. G. (2012). The interplay of genes and adolescent development in substance use disorders: leveraging findings from GWAS meta-analyses to test developmental hypotheses about nicotine consumption.Human genetics,131(6), 791-801.

I. Introduction II. Marxism A. Definition & Explanation B. Example Ec

I. Introduction II. Marxism A. Definition B. Example: Economic Evolution III. Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) A. Definition B. Example: The Parliament versus the Crown IV. Institutional Theory A. Definition B. Example: Social Change V. Conclusion Human relationships have always been dynamic. Change and adaptability have gone hand in hand with the passage of time for human society. Systems have been developed to regulate, direct and control the resources of this society. The systems are referred to as governments and the resources as the populace or inhabitants and forces of production. A government must be dynamic in its nature reflecting the change in society. At times these systems have resisted the necessity to adapt with its components (Society) creating a deficit between the system and those it regulates. As the deficits develop, they cause instability, and could lead to revolution.1 Theories have been developed t o explain the systemic phenomenon called revolution. This paper will discuss three modern theories and apply them to the English revolution of 1640. The first theory, developed by Carl Marx (Marxism), will address the economic evolution in English society. This theory will emphasize and explain how the shift from a feudal/mercantile system to capitalism affected English society. The second, called the Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) developed by Charles Tilly, will explain how the English organizations (the Crown and the Parliament) effectively obtained, amassed and managed resources. Samuel Huntington's, "Institutional Theory", will argue that the existing government at that time was unable to incorporate the demands and personnel that the socio-economic changes created. Marxism was formulated in the 19th century. Carl Marx and his associate Frederick Engels observed the socio-economic changes that were transpiring in Britain. England was the dominant world power and had the largest industrialized economy during the 1800's. The development of the factory and the institution of the assembly line created a large demand for workers. This demand was satiated by migrating peasant from the rural areas in England and Ireland to developing urban centers. As these urban centers or cities evolved using industry as the economic backbone for the population, a large number of factory workers were accumulated to operate the machinery in horrid conditions. These workers, which would be termed as the peasantry under a feudal system, were now the working class or proletariat. They entered cities with hopes of bettering their lives and survival. Though revolution never took place in England during this period, it allowed Marx to study industrialization, urbanization and imperialism. The theory of Marxism has three basic concepts: historic materialism, forces of production and relations of production. Historic materialism is defined as a society's past performance and present capabilities of satisfying the basic means of life. Humankind's basic needs of eating, drinking and shelter need to be met properly. The forces of production (technology, capital, the infrastructure of society, etc.) are important for the simple fact of who ever controls them controls the society. The last aspect of Marxism, the relations of production, deals directly with the relationships between classes of people (the aristocracy, the middle-class and the working class).2 Marxism includes a predictive analysis of socio-economic structures. Using history, logic and the dynamic nature of humankind as guidelines, Carl Marx attempts to map out a sequence of events which will eventually lead to utopia (anarchy). In his work, Das Capital, Marx details the six steps. These steps are primitive socialism, feudalism, capitalism, socialism, communism and then anarchy. The evolution of the English economic system during the 16th and 17th centuries points to a shift from feudalism to capitalism. This shift is exemplified by the enclosures. The landlords began to fence their property in the common land areas. The "commons" were large plots of grazing and farmable lands that were used by both farmers and artisans. When the land-owners and manorial lords began to partition these lands the concept of private ownership of property was introduced to the socio-economic system.3 During the time period of the 16th and 17th centuries the crown's economic base began a gradual decline. This economic shrinkage came to a spearhead during the reign of Charles I. The monarchy favored a monopoly market system over a competitive one. The purpose

FTC Warns of Check Overpayment Scams

FTC Warns of 'Check Overpayment' Scams The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is warning consumers of a dangerous and growing swindle called the â€Å"check overpayment† scam, now the fifth most common telemarketing fraud and the fourth most common Internet scam ever reported. In the check overpayment scam, the person you are doing business with sends you a check for more than the amount they owe you, and then instructs you to wire the balance back to them. Or, they send a check and tell you to deposit it, keep part of the amount for your own compensation, and then wire the rest back for one reason or another. The results are the same: the check eventually bounces, and you’re stuck, responsible for the full amount, including what you wired to the scammer. Typical victims include persons selling something over the Internet, being paid to do work at home, or being sent â€Å"advance winnings† in a bogus sweepstakes. The checks in this scam are fake but they look real enough to fool most bankers. Look Out! The FTC offers the following tips for avoiding the check overpayment scam: Know who you’re dealing with – independently confirm your buyer’s name, street address, and telephone number.Never agree to wire back funds to a buyer a legitimate buyer will not pressure you to do so, and you have limited recourse if there is a problem with a wire transfer.If you’re selling something over the Internet, say â€Å"no† to a check for more than your selling price, no matter how tempting the plea or convincing the story.Resist pressure to â€Å"act now.† If the buyer’s offer is good now, it should be good when the check clears.If you accept payment by check, ask for a check drawn on a local bank or a bank with a local branch. You can visit that bank branch to determine if the check is legitimate.There is no legitimate reason for someone who is giving you money to ask you to wire money back.Consider an alternative method of payment, such as an escrow service or online payment service. If the buyer wants to use a service yo u have not heard of, be sure to check it out to be sure it is reliable – check its website, call its customer service hotline, and read its terms of agreement and privacy policy. If you do not feel comfortable with the service, do not use it. The Lottery Winner Version In another version of this scam, the victim is sent a fake check for â€Å"foreign lottery winnings,† but is told they need to wire the sender the required foreign government’s taxes or fees on the prize before they can cash the check. After sending the fees, the consumer tries to cash the check, only to be told the sender is trapped in a foreign nation with no way to produce the cash. The FTC warns consumers to â€Å"throw away any offer that asks you to pay for a prize or free gift; and do not enter foreign lotteries – most solicitations for them are fraudulent, and it is illegal to play a foreign lottery through the mail or by telephone.† Resources More advice on how to be on guard against Internet fraud is available at OnGuardOnline.gov . Consumers are asked to report check overpayment scams to their state Attorney General, the National Fraud Information Center/Internet Fraud Watch, a service of the National Consumers League  or 1-800-876-7060, or the FTC at www.ftc.gov or 1-877-FTC-HELP.

Phonemic Awareness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Phonemic Awareness - Essay Example d on the NRP report and also details the relationship between the various components of the balanced reading program and the above mentioned entities. A phoneme is the smallest part of a spoken language which has the ability to change the meaning of a word. Phonemic awareness (PA) is the skill to hear, recognize and control the phonemes (Armbruster, Lehr and Osborne, 2003, p.3). Studies have demonstrated that PA can be taught to the children through many methods of instruction such as phoneme isolation (recognition of individual sounds in a word), identity (recognizing same sounds in different words), categorization (recognizing an odd word from a set of three or four words), blending (combining various phonemes into a single word), segmentation (breaking a word into smaller sounds) and deletion (to recognize a word after a phoneme is deleted) (National Reading Panel, 2000, p.2-2). However, children who were taught three or more types of the above mentioned phonemic instructions did not gain much in terms of PA. Many reasons can be cited for the same. The children get confused by the multiple types of phonemic instruction and the teachers are not in a position to concentrate on a single type of instruction completely. They rush through the methods of instruction and sometimes end up teaching tougher methods before the children are aware of easier types of instructions. However, if only one or two methods of instruction were used it was found to be highly effective in gaining PA (Armbruster, Lehr and Osborne, 2003, p.7). It has also been proved that children with PA found it easier to read and spell words as PA helps children understand and pronounce the different phonemes which constitute a word. Also PA helps the children relate sounds with the alphabet (Armbruster, Lehr and Osborne, 2003, pp.6-7). This is the reason why PA is found to be very effective when alphabets are used during the process of phoneme manipulation. English language is represented as words

Short Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short Report - Assignment Example HPV can be classified into high or low risk depending on the likelihood of the infection causing cancer. Low risks once in a blue moon lead to cancer while on the other hand, high risk has the possibility to cause cancer but it’s not automatic for it to lead to cancer. Skin warts: these are commonly known as plantar or flat warts. The major cause of these warts is the low risk type infections. Genital warts: this is caused by type 6 and 11. This is a low risk type. Cervical dysplasia: this is a term used to refer to the scratching of abnormal cells caused by the HPV in the women’s’ cervix. Cervical cancer: HPV 16 and 18 are the major causes of this disease. HPV does go into the body through which in turn it infects the cells in the layers of the skin. Later on due to cell division, they undergo mutation leading to multiplication of the virus infections in the body. One can stay for a very a long time before realizing that he or she is infected with the HPV due to the time duration it takes from infection stage to the time when the wounds appear. HPV is transmitted through skin-to- skin contact. For example, HPV that causes skin warts can be transmitted through a body cut. However, the risk of transmission is low. It is important to note that individuals who walk barefooted in public places such market places, or gym are likely to be infected by the different types of HPV that cause plantar warts. HPV infection that causes genital warts is most infectious and is transmitted through sexual activity by a person not infected with an infected person. During their acts such as kissing or being in touch with the skin of the infected person on the infected areas such scrotum, vagina, vulva or anus and having sexual intercourse can lead to contracting the disease (Oregon Immunization Program 2008). At times most infections go unnoticed due to lack of symptoms through which they can be identified with. In this regard, the disease can remain in

Key Benefits And Limitations Of LCA Environmental Sciences Essay

Key Benefits And Limitations Of LCA Environmental Sciences Essay Major benefits can arise from LCA. Through the ability to analyses exchanges that take place in the environment, it enables decision-makers to select the product or process that result in the least impact to the environment. LCA data identifies the transfer of environmental impacts from one media to another and/or from one life cycle stage to another (EPA 2001). Quantification of emissions, detection of variation between the various life cycle phases, the ability to estimate environmental burden of materials, the ability to compare and contrast competing products and the potential to structure and improve the flow of data between stakeholders are just some of the obvious benefits that can be gained through adoption of LCA. Papers by Deloitte Enhancing the value of life cycle assessment and Lifecycle assessment: where is it on your sustainability agenda? provide an insight into several benefits from utilizing LCA, including (Deloitte, 2009): Innovation: Through revealing the source and magnitude of environmental impacts, product level LCA data can inform the innovation agenda. Cost savings: Clarity in relation to cost drivers can lead to increased efficiency via material and energy requirements minimizing the negative environmental impacts. Furthermore, certain investments in RD and projects related to renewable energy may be eligible for tax credits or other incentives. Internal alignment: LCA provides a common ground for internal goal-setting and communication. Different departments within an organization can unite on enterprise-wide priorities. Regulatory preparedness: LCA can help quantify the projected product cost implications of future carbon legislation and flag those areas that warrant immediate action. LCA can also enhance general transparency to deflect scrutiny from regulators and other stakeholders. Corporate reputation: LCA can demonstrate a companys deeper commitment to improved environmental impact. Improved sustainability claims can strengthen stakeholder relations. Risk reduction: LCA helps companies develop their position around environmental issues to which their operations contribute. Increases awareness of potential liabilities the company should be aware of. On top of these benefits examples of how customized LCA studies can support significant sustainability objectives include (Deloitte, 2012): Enhance brand value for competitive differentiation: Compares the environmental impact of an organizations product to alternatives to determine which benefits are distinguishable. Improve design decisions: Evaluates resource and materials use to inform product and process design decisions that increase environmental efficiencies. Make better procurement decisions: Engages multiple stakeholders and suppliers to allow organizations to make procurement decisions that significantly boost their sustainability efforts. Meet communications needs: Provides a platform for authentically communicating positive environmental attributes about products to buyers and consumers. Achieve compliance: Addresses regulatory mandates at local, national and international levels. Create better policies: Evaluates internal and external policies of the organization to determine realistic objectives. While all of the above benefits help paint a positive picture of LCA, one also has to consider the various disadvantages or limitations of such systems. As with all new and evolving systems there will always be significant teething problems during development. The more noteworthy of these include the fact LCAs utilizing the same and different methodologies can have vastly different results with assumptions, which can be subjective, being a requisite even for simple comparisons to be carried out. The validity of data is always a concern and whether the most up to date data has been used. Performing LCA is resource consuming and gathering data can be problematic. As a result, it is essential to weigh the resources needed against the projected benefits to measure feasibility. There is still no widely accepted standardised format for LCA, with most of the already existing ones such as ISO 14040 having several imperfections. Finally results of LCAs focused on national and regional level m ay not be suitable for local applications. These limitations do take some of the shine away from LCA and indicate that in essence at present LCA is fundamentally flawed given it can be near impossible in many cases to know the validity and relevance of conclusions drawn by the practitioner. While this may be true what has to be consider is that LCA is the best tool we have at present to tackle this significant area of concern. In reality the benefits of LCA far outreach its flaws and as transparency of methods and data becomes the norm its integrity will increase. What is for certain is LCA is set to become a fundamental element of product and service design. Applications and potential of LCA Applications of LCA The application of LCA has been well documented and includes supporting initiatives to assessing environmental impacts that need addressing. Studies (Frankl and Rubik, 1999; Frankl et al., 2000) have highlighted key areas of application including: Bottleneck identification Information and education to consumers and stakeholders Compare existing products with planned alternatives Compare existing company products with products of competitors Procurement specifications, supplier screening, product co-makership Internal information and training Anticipate and negotiate legislation Marketing, advertising policies joining eco-labelling criteria Environmental cost allocation Assess the gap from eco-label criteria Radical changes in product life cycle What can be taken from these findings is that there are three principle areas of application are; (1) comparison on an environmental basis which includes comparison of materials, methods and conformity. (2) In manufacturing LCA can be used to find the most ecological method through optimal material and processes selection. (3) In commercial development LCA can be used for marketing purposes and as a public informational aid (in example EPDs). In reality there are many different views among the scientific populace as to use and best practice for LCA. What is of interest is that one article by Grantadesigns in 2011 called Grantas new Guide: Five Steps to Eco Design proposed that up to 80% of the environmental footprint of a product is determined during the design phase. From this we must assume that the best application for LCA would be in the design phase via evaluation of design alternative. Potential of LCA LCA is a methodology for quantifying and assessing the potential impacts of goods and services from an environmental perspective. From this viewpoint it can be taken that LCA can be applied to any kind of product or decision where environmental impacts are of concern. This in turn implies LCA can be applied by all the different stakeholders who are invested in a product or service including governmental, non-governmental and industries. While this dissertation cannot elaborate on all the opportunities open to LCA, focus will be placed on the following areas which are of particular interest to this study: The potential of LCA at multinational corporation level The potential of LCA for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) The potential of LCA at governmental level The potential of LCA for multinational enterprises Multinational companies face important strategic decisions that help establish the direction of their environmental performance. The decision whether to adopt a global standard or not is one such decision. While specific characteristics of multinationals make the application of LCA easier including; dedicated resources made available, separate departments responsible for implementation and co-ordination, development of internal databases and operating methodologies, and the ability to influence stakeholders, among others; there are equally other factors which present significant challenges including; diverse cultural approaches and consensus on methodologies including weighting across impact categories (Schmidt and Sullivan, 2002; Reap et al., 2008), and how to integrate LCA across the whole organisation as LCA in general tend to be reserved to environmental departments. The value which can be extracted by large corporations who adopt LCA tends to be in terms of material choice, tech nology choice, infrastructure and location choice, and product and process improvement. The potential of LCA for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) While the need for environmental practices have been widely accepted in SMEs, as can be seen through the widespread adoption of ISO 14001, the adoption of LCA has being met with less enthusiasm. This is largely to do with the fact most SMEs need to focus their available resources on establishing their position in the market and cant afford to extend resources to non essential activities. However, many small and medium enterprises are now seen the economic benefits that can be reaped from LCA implementation via simplified low cost approaches. Significant advantages can be gained in the RD stage of products via material swap outs, process improvements or benchmarking (Hunkeler, 2003). One could even go as far as to say that LCA can be useful to improve credit terms as it improves resource allocation and minimises the risk of resources being spent inappropriately. The tangible benefits with regard to environmental business policy include (Hunkeler et al., 2004): reduced operating cost, improved resource efficiency, improved relations with authorities, improve external image, improved credit terms and reduced overheads. It is also worth noting that the addition of LCA will add value for firms in their IPO (initial public offering) as it will be recognised that the company will be more likely to be sustainable with future environmental requirements. The potential of LCA at governmental level The pattern to which goods and services are produced and consumed is established and controlled via government regulated frameworks and conditions. LCA falls within the reams of sustainable development and is of key importance in addressing waste and emissions attributes of products and services. Government activities are ongoing in regards to LCA with supporting strategies becoming widespread. This has led to the development of several nationally managed databases along with new methodologies and tools. Government bodies, including the departments of environment, energy and defence etc., are now active in supporting LCA development via conducting case studies and making data available. Websites have been developed and product orientated environmental policy is evolving, none more so than in the European Union (EU). In its Communication on Integrated Product Policy (COM (2003)302), the European Commission concluded that Life Cycle Assessments provide the best framework for assessing the potential environmental impacts of products currently available. There is an understanding within the EU for the need of life cycle thinking in stakeholder consultations and in policy implementation. There is an acknowledgment that information from LCA can support public policy making in eco-design criteria setting, such as contributing to performance targets within the Environmental Technology Action Plan (ETAP) and for energy-using products within the EuP Directive, in green public procurement (GPP), and in environmental product declarations (EPDs) (European commission, 2003). However, consideration has to be giving to the fact that LCA is only a decision supporting tool, and not a decision making tool. While advances aid its progression it is still limited with regards economic and social impacts, along with local environmental issues. As a result it can only be utilised in support of other tools to aid detection of potential improvement areas. Policies, Laws, Standards and Incentives Life-cycle analysis (LCA) is not a new phenomenon with scientists and manufacturers increasingly using it to expose opportunities to reduce environmental impacts of products and services, from cradle to grave. This has led to the rise of policies, legislation, standards and incentives in the race to control and maximise the potential of this rapidly expanding sector. Policies LCAs offer the opportunity to shift the traditional policy basis away from waste and resource amounts to one where the potential environmental impacts they cause is the focus and in so far as is feasible the related consequences to humans and the ecosystems is catered for. Laws While traditionally focus has been on reducing impacts of production processes, the responsibility is now being extended to manufacturers to reduce the impacts of products as well. This extension of manufacturers responsibility to cover the entire lifecycle of a product is known as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). The EC Sixth Environmental Action Programme Environment 2010 emphasises the importance of product policy which is also reflected in the Integrated Product Policy. Standards The International Organization for Standardization introduced the ISO 9000 series quality management standards in 1987. These were later followed in 1992 by various environmental standards known as the ISO 14000 series. These voluntary standards require verification by an external certification body to obtain the ISO certificate. In the ISO 14000 series there is a family of standards to choose from, so when you want to get environmentally certified you need to consider which best matches your requirements. The point of note in relation to the ISO 14000 series is that it is generic, meaning any business, regardless of size or sector can apply. The following provides a brisk overview from a European perspective of the main policies, laws and standards where the life-cycle approach is emphasised as an important element. Table : Overview of relevant policy, law and standards (Developed with data from European commission and Irish department of environment) Designation Class Foundation Title Subject matter Policy Framing policy 06/2008 Sustainable Consumption and Production Action Plan, (SCP) This communication sets out the measures to deliver more sustainable consumption and production, while improving the competitiveness of the European economy. It builds on several EU policies including the renewed Sustainable Development Strategy. The Community Lisbon Programme for 2008-2010 includes the promotion of an industrial policy geared towards more sustainable consumption and production as one of its major orientations (European commission, 2008). Framing policy 12/2005 EUs thematic strategy on the sustainable use of natural resources The objective is to reduce environmental impacts linked to resource use in a growing economy enabling sustainable development (European commission, 2005a). A review carried out by the Bio Intelligence Service in 2010 indicates the integration of key concepts conveyed by the resource strategies have had a positive but partial influence with the clear need for clear objectives and targets, and the establishment of data centre for natural resources being highlighted (Mudgal et al., 2010). Framing policy 12/2005 EUs thematic strategy on prevention and recycling of waste Describes a number of key objectives as part of an evolving EU policy on waste including; Prevent waste, Promote re-use, recycling and recovery; and Establish the European recycling society. The aim of this strategy is to reduce the negative impact on the environment that is caused by waste throughout its life-span, from production to disposal, via recycling. The objective is that every item of waste is seen not only as a source of pollution but also a potential resource to be exploited (European commission, 2005b). Framing policy 06/2003 Communication Integrated Product Policy (IPP) Aims to support the realisation of environmental product innovations in order to achieve a broad reduction of all environmental impacts along a products life cycle (Commission, 2001). Due to the nature of products, IPP cannot consist of a single general policy instrument, a variety of measures must be employed to achieve the IPP objective (In example standards or so-called soft environmental policy instruments such as activities regarding voluntary agreements or environmental labelling.) (Rehfeld et al., 2007). European Commission, Integrated Product Policy Communication (IPP), 2003 states LCA is the best framework for assessing the potential environmental impacts of products, but the debate is ongoing about good practice with the European commission committing to; developing a handbook on best practice, Co-ordinating to make data more accessible and systematically collected, Regularly update directory of LCA databases, and develop a platform to facilitate communication and exchanges . All of the above commitments have or are in the process of being delivered. Specific instrument 2005 revised 2009 Eco-design directive Provides for improving the environmental performance of energy related products (ERPs) through ecodesign and prevents distinct national legislations on environmental performance becoming obstacles to the intra-EU trade. The ecodesign requirements must not lower the functionality of a product, its safety, or have a negative impact on its affordability or consumers health. The Directive is under the responsibility of DG Enterprise and Industry and DG Energy (European commission, 2012b). Specific instrument 2005 Energy-using products (EuP) Directive The main objective of the EuP Directive is to bring about improvements in energy efficiency throughout a products lifecycle, from cradle to grave. Its focuses on the design phase as it is considered that up to 80% of the environmental load of a product is fixed during design. EuP is a Framework Directive which outlines the legal context within which implementing measures will be developed and targeted at particular product groups (Premier Farnell, 2009). Specific instrument 1/2004 Environmental Technology Action Plan (ETAP) The plan covers a range of actions to promote eco-innovation and the take-up of environmental technologies including: promoting research and development, mobilising funds, helping to drive demand and improving market conditions. Information from LCAs can contributing to meeting performance targets within the Environmental Technology Action Plan (ETAP). In Ireland specific consideration will be given to projects that have the potential to address the three specific challenges identified in the Environmental Protection Agencys (EPA) State of the Environment Report 2004, namely: eutrophication of surface waters, meeting international commitments on air emissions and better management of waste (Department of the Environment, 2012a). Specific instrument 2008 Green public procurement (GPP) Defined in the Communication (COM (2008) 400) Public procurement for a better environment as a process whereby public authorities seek to procure goods, services and works with a reduced environmental impact throughout their life cycle when compared to goods, services and works with the same primary function that would otherwise be procured. The EU committed to aiming to achieve by 2010 a proposed a target of 50% of all the EUs public procurement tendering procedures to be green. Although this target has not been met a recent report monitoring the uptake of GPP found 26% of the last contracts signed in the 2009-2010 period by public authorities in the EU included all core GPP criteria with 55% of these contracts having at least one EU core GPP criterion, showing that some form of green procurement is being done at a large scale (European commission, 2012c). In Ireland the GPP national action plan has been developed to make half the estimated à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬15 billion in public spendi ng to meet green procurement criteria (Department of the Environment, 2012b). Specific instrument 2002 and Under review Environmental product declarations (EPDs) Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) are life-cycle based ecolabels that disclose the environmental performance of the product, similar to nutrition information labels. In France a law was passed in 2007 the Grenelle Environment which requires environmental product declarations for all mass produced consumer goods. 2012 has seen experiments begin to establish best practice to implement this law. The European Commission is following suit and has begun a program to develop guidance on environmental product declarations indicating this will be widespread shortly. Specific Instument 1992 Eco-labelling Is in general a voluntary scheme where producers, importers and retailers can choose to apply for the label for their products. Ecolabel criteria focus on the stage / stages with the highest environmental impact during a products life cycle. By the end of 2011, more than 1,300 licences had been awarded, and at present, more than 17,000 products have the EU Ecolabel. A licence gives permission to use the EU Ecolabel logo. (European commission, 2012d). Laws Legal requirement 2003 Restriction on the use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS) Adopted in 2003 by the European Union the directive took effect in 2006 becoming law in each member state. It restricts the use of six hazardous materials in the manufacture of electronic and electrical equipment. It correlates with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE) 2002/96/EC which is part of a legislative initiative to reduce toxic e-waste. Legal requirement 2002 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) The WEEE Directive 2002/96/EC is an EU Directive founded on the principle of Producer Responsibility and its general objectives are to prevent waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and to improve the environmental performance of all operators involved in the life cycle of such including producers, distributors and consumers (European commission, 2012e). Legal requirement 2000 End of Life Vehicles Directive 2000/53/ EC of the European Parliament on end of life vehicles was developed to limit or exclude the presence of dangerous substances including lead, cadmium, chromium IV and mercury in vehicles with the purpose of minimising their environmental impact. In 2006, the target for reuse and recovery was a minimum of 85% of the materials rising to 95% in 2015 with most major OEMs such as Ford, Honda etc on the way to meeting these targets. Legal requirement 1994 EU Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive 94/62/EC This directive regulates the heavy metal content of, and recovery of any packaging put on the market. Implemented in Ireland through the Waste Management (Packaging) Regulations S.I. No. 61 of 2003 as amended by the Waste Management (Packaging) (Amendment) Regulations S.I. No. 871 of 2004. While it should be noted the directive is under review at European level, the legislation is now well developed in Ireland with waste recovery schemes like REPAK in place. Legal requirement 2007 Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) REACH came into force in 2007 with the aim to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment from the risks that can be posed by chemicals, the promotion of alternative test methods, the free circulation of substances on the internal market and enhancing competitiveness and innovation (European commission, 2012f). Manufacturers have to register each substance, assess the risks it poses and pass on the safety information to downstream users. Legal requirement 2006 Batteries Directive Directive 2006/66/EC prohibits placing certain batteries and accumulators with mercury or cadmium content above a fixed threshold on the market and promotes a high rate of collection and recycling of waste batteries and accumulators. The aim is the reduction of hazardous substances (mercury, cadmium and lead) dumped in the environment (European commission, 2012g). Standards Voluntary 1997 revised 2000 and 2006 Life cycle assessment: ISO 14040/44 When concerned with the environmental impact of a new or existing product, it may well be beneficial to carryout a complete life cycle assessment. In such a case you would look to the ISO 14040 certificate. It evaluates the products LCA framework and is intended to make reliable and reusable assessments. It endeavours to provide a clear overview of the findings to stakeholders, including those who have limited knowledge of life cycle assessment. The specific requirements and guidelines for LCAs are in ISO 14044. Voluntary 2001 Environmental site assessment: ISO 14015 This International Standard provides guidance on how to conduct an Environmental assessment of sites and organizations (EASO) through a systematic process of identifying environmental aspects and environmental issues and determining, if appropriate, their business consequences. Voluntary ISO 14020 1998 rev 2000 ISO 14024 1999 ISO 14025 2000 rev 2006 Environmental product declaration (EPD), Labelling: ISO 14020/24/25 ISO 14020/24/25 will help you label your product. It includes quantified data which helps ensure environmental data published is of a certain quality. These product labels are built upon the Life Cycle Assessment which means the information generated is relevant, verified and comparable. Voluntary 1999 Environmental Performance Evaluation: ISO 14031 When you dont require a certificate and just want to measure your environmental performance, this document gives guidance on environmental performance evaluation. It provides management with reliable and verifiable information on an ongoing basis through its Plan-Do-Check-Act system (PCDA). Voluntary 2002 Integrating environmental aspects into product design and development: ISO 14062 Guidance standard providing generic instruction on how to incorporate environmental criteria into product design and development. It can act as a reminder or a checklist and is applicable to all industry sectors. Other industry sectors have developed similar standards including:- Standard ECMA 341, Environmental design considerations for electronic products developed by ECMA International. EN/BSI 13420:2000 Packaging Requirements for packaging recovery by material recycling. BS/EN 13193:2000 Packaging and the environment Terminology. Voluntary 2006 Impact on Climate Change: ISO 14064 ISO 14064-1:2006 facilitates quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reductions. It provides stakeholders with an integrated set of tools to achieve their objectives and it enables participation in emissions trading schemes using a globally recognised standard. Voluntary/ Under construction N/A Product Carbon Footprint: ISO 14067 Strives to standardize the maze of product carbon footprint approaches. Voluntary/ Under construction N/A Water Footprint: ISO 14046 Aims to establish harmonized metrics for water footprints. Other Voluntary 2008 GHG Protocol Product Standard This is a product life cycle accounting and reporting standard developed by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council on Sustainable Development (WBCSD). This standard is to a large extent in compliance with ISO 14040/44, except it is explicitly focused on greenhouse gas accounting.